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Chapter 1: Chemical Foundations

Chapter 1: Chemical Foundations. Intro to Chemistry: Macroscopic vs. Microscopic View Classification of Matter By physical state (solid, liquid, gas) By type of substance (mixtures vs. pure substances; compounds vs. elements) The Scientific Method Working with Quantities Units

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Chapter 1: Chemical Foundations

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  1. Chapter 1: Chemical Foundations • Intro to Chemistry: Macroscopic vs. Microscopic View • Classification of Matter • By physical state (solid, liquid, gas) • By type of substance (mixtures vs. pure substances; compounds vs. elements) • The Scientific Method • Working with Quantities • Units • Scientific Notation • Significant Figures • Dimensional Analysis • Temperature • Density

  2. Figure 1.13: Solid, Liquid, Gas

  3. Figure 1.15: Chromatography

  4. Figure 1.14: Distillation

  5. Table 1.2: Metric Prefixes

  6. Figure 1.7: Equipment to Measure Volume

  7. Figure 1.9

  8. Significant Figures Handout • Click Here for Sig Figs Handout

  9. Example 1 Three students use different laboratory equipment to measure the density of a liquid.  Their results are as follows: What is the average density of this liquid? Answer:  4.05 g/mL

  10. Example 2 A student measure the density of a particular liquid using the same method three times. She obtains the following results: What is the average density of this liquid? Answer:  0.9550 g/mL

  11. Table 1.5: Densities of Common Substances

  12. Example 3 A cube of aluminum has an edge length of 3.00 inches and a mass of 1.19 kg.  Calculate the density of Al in g/cm3.  1 in = 2.54 cm Answer:  2.69 g/cm3

  13. Example 4 The land area of Greenland is 840,000 mi2 with only 132,000 mi2 that are free of perpetual ice.  The average thickness of the ice is 5000 feet.  Estimate the mass of the ice covering Greenland to 2 significant figures.  Note that the density of ice is 0.917 g/cm3.  1 mile=5280 ft; 1 ft=12 in; 1 in=2.54 cm Answer:  2.6 x 1021 g of ice

  14. Example 5 A mixture of ethanol and water has a volume of 54.2 cm3 and a mass of 49.6 g. What is the % by mass of ethanol in this mixture? Dethanol = 0.789 g/cm3 Dwater = 0.998 g/cm3 Answer:  34.1% ethanol

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