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Decolonization and Independence in Africa and Asia circa 1900-1990

Explore the push for freedom from European imperialism, stages of decolonization, impact on refugee camps, and modern developments in India, Pakistan, Africa. Learn about the historical examples and challenges faced post-independence.

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Decolonization and Independence in Africa and Asia circa 1900-1990

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  1. Decolonization and Independence in Africa and Asia circa 1900-1990 Push for Freedom from European Imperialism

  2. Stage 1 European Imperialism Ends • Europeans leave or forced out • Power Vacuum created- no one is in charge • Internal conflict begins immediately

  3. Stage 2- Civil War / Internal Conflict • Brief or extended period of fighting • Religious, ethnic, or political divisions • Chaos and violence • Human rights atrocities- children soldiers, ethnic cleansing, genocide • Refugee camps in other countries • Sometimes results in partition – division into separate countries

  4. Refugee Camps impact other countries

  5. Stage 3- New dictatorship • No political freedoms • Poverty, unemployment, gap in wealth • Rigged elections, rampant corruption • Disease outbreaks (Malaria, AIDS, typhoid, cholera, waterborne parasites) • Similar to conditions during imperialism

  6. Stage 4 Progress or Rev. Cycle? Patterns of Revolution Option 1 Continuation of dictatorship Option 2 Dictator removed cycle starts over Option 3 Progress begins-> move towards democracy and stronger economy

  7. Decolonization 1900-1990s • Africans and Indians pushed for independence • Renaissance of African and Indian culture • World War II weakened European Empires • Europeans no longer have weapon advantage • Colonies became expensive to run • Protesters supported end of colonial rule • Leaders like Gandhi organize resistance movements

  8. Decolonization and the Cold War • USSR and USA compete for allies • USSR and USA try to influence newly independent countries. • Secret conflict between CIA and KGB • Capitalist countries make deals with USA • Communist countries make deals with USSR

  9. Historical Examples of Decolonization: India

  10. Indian Independence 1947- Partition of India

  11. Do Now • Define Civil Disobedience in your notes. What are 3 examples of civil disobedience from history? Civil Disobedience Timeline - Henry David Thoreau- wrote essay “Civil Disobedience” - Gandhi influenced by this essay - MLK influenced by Gandhi and Thoreau - Mandela influenced by all of these men

  12. Post Imperialist India • 1947 Partition of India- India (Hindu), West Pakistan (Muslim), and East Pakistan (Muslim) • 1947-1960s Fighting continues between Hindus and Muslims along the border • 1970s Pakistani Civil War- East Pakistan breaks away and becomes Bangladesh with help from India

  13. Modern India and Pakistan 1980s – Present • Conflict over Kashmir region • India dealing with acts of terrorism connected to Pakistan • Pakistan dealing with problems related to border with Afghanistan • Nationalist feelings in both countries • Both have nuclear weapons

  14. Modern Africa

  15. Historical Examples of Decolonization: South Africa • British give independence to European settlers • Apartheid established- racial segregation • 1920s-1990s- Black African protesters jailed • 1990- Nelson Mandela freed • 1994- Apartheid ends • Economic Improvements

  16. Ghana • Problems after Europeans left: - Political Instability - Military Dictatorships - Weak Economy - Corruption – Disease - Cycle of Revolution and Dictatorship • Signs of Progress - Democracy established - Improving economy - Better schools

  17. Rwanda • Belgians ruled colony with Tutsi help • Tutsi- 30% Hutu- 70% • Independence 1962 Hutus control government • Years of tension led to Civil War in 1990s • Hutu president assassinated • Hutus begin genocide in April 1994 • Around 800,000 - 900,000 Tutsis and non cooperating Hutus killed

  18. Kenya • Problems after Europeans left: - Famine / Poverty - Weak Economy - Cycle of Revolution and Dictatorship • Signs of Progress: - Improving Economy • Currently still struggling with democracy

  19. Nigeria • Problems after Europeans left: - Civil War between Igbo, Hausa, and Yoruba tribes - Military Dictatorships – No Democracy - Weak Economy - Disease • Signs of Progress: - Stronger economy - End of Civil War • Currently- corruption, lack of freedom of speech, potential for new Civil War involving religion • Problems with Boko Haram

  20. Democratic Republic of Congo • Problems after Europeans left: - Political Instability / Civil War / Coups - Ethnic Conflict - Military Dictatorships - Weak economy – Disease • Current Issues - Slave labor being used to gather natural resources - War lords control certain regions - Civil War and ethnic conflict recently ended

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