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Biology of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Biology of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Bruce Alexander Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UNITED KINGDOM. Female sand fly feeding on blood. Characteristics. Small (2-3 mm)

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Biology of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

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  1. Biology of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) Bruce Alexander Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UNITED KINGDOM

  2. Female sand fly feeding on blood

  3. Characteristics • Small (2-3 mm) • Brown (but appear white when illuminated) • Wings held in erect V-shape • Nocturnal • Do not hover • Silent • Painful bite

  4. Life cycle and developmental stages Adult male Fourth instar larvae Eggs Life cycle Adult female

  5. Amazon Rain Forest

  6. Arabian Desert

  7. Peruvian Andes

  8. Brazilian city

  9. Global distribution of the leishmanaises

  10. Pathogens transmitted by sand flies • Leishmania spp. (Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases in 89 countries worldwide) • Bartonella bacilliformis (Bartonellosis or Carrión’s disease in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia • Phlebovirus spp. (Sand fly fever in Middle East and N. Africa)

  11. CYCLE OF LEISHMANIA TRANSMISSION Intracellular amastigotes in mammal host ingested by sand fly Transformed into extracellular promastigotes in gut of sand fly Extracellular promastigotesinjected into new mammal host by sand fly

  12. Female sand fly biting

  13. Cerdocyon thous – example of Leishmania reservoir

  14. Erythemas made by bites of Lu. longipalpis

  15. MUCOCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS resulting from uncured chronic infection with Le. braziliensis

  16. DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS, due to incurable infection with Le. amazonensis parasites and related parasites – all leishmaniasis patients in Dominican Republic have DCL– why?

  17. Visceral leishmaniasis in man • Anthroponotic cycle due to Le. donovani in India (kala-azar): humans generally represent “dead-end host” for Le. infantum • Most cases in malnourished children • Many asymptomatic subclinical cases; AIDS in southern Europe

  18. Sand flies – vital requirements • Larvae breed in soil (not aquatic) • Only females take blood, from a variety of vertebrate species • Rest during the day in dark, humid microhabitats • Both sexes require sugar as an energy source

  19. Sand flies resting on tree trunk during the day

  20. Extrafloral nectaries on Inga sp. - potential sugar source for sand flies

  21. Sand flies resting on wall of a chicken house

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