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Psychology 100:11 Chapter 11: Part II Development

Psychology 100:11 Chapter 11: Part II Development. Outline. Socialization Parenting styles Cognitive development Piaget Information Processing Language acquisition Study Questions: • Describe Piaget’s stages of cognitive (mental) development. Quiz 1. Quiz 1. Development.

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Psychology 100:11 Chapter 11: Part II Development

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  1. Psychology 100:11 Chapter 11: Part II Development

  2. Outline • Socialization • Parenting styles • Cognitive development • Piaget • Information Processing • Language acquisition Study Questions: • Describe Piaget’s stages of cognitive (mental) development

  3. Quiz 1

  4. Quiz 1

  5. Development • Socialization: Parenting styles • Securely attached babies-> Moms respond quickly • Attachment to dads • Approximately the same time as attachment to moms • Develops differently • Moms: Comfort • Dads: Play

  6. Development • Socialization: Parenting styles • Parenting styles • Autocratic (Authoritarian):Abide by strict standards • Permissive: Parents do not assert their authority • Authoritative-reciprocal: Parents exercise their power and accept obligation to respond to child’s point of view • Cause and effect in parenting styles and children’s behaviour. • Socialization is a two way street

  7. Development Jean Piaget • Piaget’s stages of development • Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 yrs) • Internalize schemes of action. • Object Permanence: understanding that objects exists even though it can no longer be seen. • Objects become assimilated into schemes • Simple hiding (9 months) • Changing hiding place

  8. Development Jean Piaget Development • Piaget’s stages of development • Preoperational stage (2 to 7 yrs) • Egocentrism • No conservation of quantity. • Do not appreciate change • Moves away from the here and now • Concrete operational stage (7 to 12 yrs) • Conservation of number, mass, volume, and weight • Schemes involve operations performed on objects • Ends egocentricism • Understands categorization and classification

  9. Development Jean Piaget Development • Piaget’s stages of development • Formal operational stage (12 yrs - ) • Ability to think in the abstract • hypothetico-deductive reasoning • E.g., Mixing colourless liquids • School curriculum

  10. Development Development • Challenges to Piaget’s theory • Problems with object permanence studies • Selective looking and habituation studies • Problems with conservation studies • Mehler & Bever’s (1967) M&Ms study

  11. Development Development • Challenges to Piaget’s theory • Problems with egocentricism • Development of a “theory of mind” (TOM) • The Sally/Anne problem • Solved by four years age • Simpler forms of TOM appear earlier • Lying

  12. Development Development • Information processing approach • Development of the components of info processing • Memory stores • Control Processes (e.g., attention) • Acquisition of processing rules • Example: “M-space” (R. Case) • Increasing Capacity/Speed in STM • Importance of working memory storage • Pascual-Leone’s hypothesis • Digit span development

  13. Development Which Way will it tilt? Development • Information processing approach • Acquiring Specific Rules • Balancing Problem • Weight and Distance Problems • Four rules people follow 1) Only Weight 2) Weight unless equal - then use distance 3) Both weight and distance, unless in conflict - then guess 4) weight X Distance

  14. Development Lev Vygotsky Development • Lev Vygotsky • Additional emphasis on interaction with the social world • Cultural context to cognitive development Americans -> “American Mind”; Russians -> “Russian Mind” • Challenged Piaget’s notion of egocentric speech • Piaget -> interaction with the physical world • Vygotsky -> interaction with the social world

  15. Language • Language acquisition in children • Perception of speech sounds by infants • Newborn: • Startle response to loud noise • Orients head towards sound • Calmed by human voice • Prefers mother voice over stranger • Can discriminate between many speech sounds. • 1-2 months: • Smiles when spoken to • 3-7months: • Responds differently to different intonations

  16. Language • Language acquisition in children • Perception of speech sounds by infants • 8-12 mo • Responds to name • Responds to ‘no’ • Recognizes phrases (Peekaboo, patty cakes, etc.) • Recognizes some words (bye-bye, bottle, Elmo, etc.)

  17. Language • Language acquisition in children • Prespeech period and first words • Newborn: Crying • 1-2 months: Cooing • 6 months: Babbling • 10 - 12 mo: Nonreduplicative babbling • 12 mo: First words - dada, baw-baw • Protowords- Kii, brrrr, caw

  18. Language • Language acquisition in children • The two-word stage • 18-24 mos: • Da-da bye-bye, laa laa ball, kiit door • Acquisition of adult rules of grammar • Inflections: -ing, -s, -ed • Function words: to, of, in, on, etc. • Overextension: e.g., snow -> kii • Underextension: e.g., Kitty -> only “Puddin Head” • Overregularization: Daddy goed to work.

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