Ballistic Missiles and Getting Into Orbit

1. Ballistic Missiles and Getting Into Orbit

2. Ballistic Missiles and Getting Into Orbit • Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) • Understanding Ballistic Missiles and Trajectories • Conic Sections • ICBM Trajectories • ICBM Development • The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty • Launch Windows and Times • Getting Into Orbit • Launch Windows • Launch Time Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

3. Understanding Ballistic Missiles and Trajectories • Not all spacecraft launched into space stay there. • Ballistic missiles only travel through space. Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit SECTION 7.1

4. Conic Sections • All objects moving under the influence of gravity must follow paths that form conic sections. • Circles, ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas are all conic sections because they are all ‘slices’ of a cone. • Parabolas and hyperbolas are useful only for interplanetary motion. • Circular and elliptical paths are for near Earth work. Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

5. Conic SectionsBallistic Trajectories The shape of a Ballistic Trajectory is an ellipse that intersects the Earth at two points Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

6. ICBM Trajectories • Ballistics: • Science dealing with motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles—especially bullets, bombs, rockets, and missiles. • Science or art of designing and hurling projectiles to achieve a desired effect. Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

7. ICBM Trajectories (cont’d) • Ballistic trajectories • Paths followed by non-thrusting objects • Objects moving under the influence of gravity • Most of the trajectory is outside Earth’s atmosphere (ignore all other forces except for gravity). Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

8. ICBM Trajectories (cont’d)Trajectory Example • As the man in the figure tries to squirt the dog, he has three basic options similar to the options with ballistic trajectories of rockets: • He can squirt the stream of water directly at the dog (low trajectory). • Aim the stream of water at a 45 degree angle (maximum range or accuracy). • Or, squirt the stream high into the air (high trajectory). Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

9. ICBM Trajectories (cont’d)Ballistic Trajectories • Define ballistic trajectories by: • Rocket’s position (radius from the Earth’s center) at burnout • Rocket’s velocity at burnout • Flight-path angle at burnout • Direction of flight at burnout • Latitude at burnout • Longitude at burnout • Shape of ballistic trajectory: ellipse intersecting Earth’s surface at launch and impact Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

10. ICBM Development • ICBMs are long-range missiles using a ballistic trajectory. • ICBMs differ little technically from other ballistic missiles. • Ballistic trajectories have focused on being able to throw things farther and faster. Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

11. ICBM Development (cont’d) • V2 was first real intermediate range ballistic missile. • After the war, U.S. and USSR began race to develop ICBMs. • Key players in global space program also took part in developing ICBMs. Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

12. ICBM DevelopmentModern ICBMs and MIRVs • Modern ICBMs typically deliver multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs). • Each Re-entry Vehicle (RV) carries a nuclear-weapon warhead. • Allows a single missile launch to strike a handful of targets. • Proved to be an “easy answer” to deploying anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems: adding more warheads to a missile costs less than building the missiles to shoot down the additional warheads. Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

13. ICBM DevelopmentMinuteman • Minuteman I and II were U.S. ICBMs in service from 1960 to 1997. • Minuteman III entered service in 1978. • Minuteman had two innovations that gave it a long practical service life. • Solid-rocket fuel technology. • Earliest use of integrated circuit for digital flight computer. Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

14. ICBM DevelopmentMinuteman (cont’d) Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

15. ICBM DevelopmentMinuteman (cont’d) Early trajectory of a Minuteman Missile shown on it’s way to a test range Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

16. ICBM DevelopmentPeacekeeper • First deployed in 1986. • Canceled, modified, and reinstated over several administrations. • U.S. had to remove it from service to meet SALT II treaty. Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

17. ICBM DevelopmentPeacekeeper (cont’d) Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

18. ICBM DevelopmentICBM Missile Silos Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

19. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty • Between U.S. and USSR to limit use of anti-ballistic missile systems in defending against missile attack. • Only two nuclear powers—kept both from believing they could avoid a counter-strike. • In force for 30 years from 1972-2002. • U.S. withdrew from treaty in 2002. Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit