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How Users Associate Wireless Devices. Ming Ki Chong (chong@comp.lancs.ac.uk) Hans Gellersen (hwg@comp.lancs.ac.uk). Which of these devices are connected?. Wired connection. Wireless connection. Introduction. Device association Ideally, an association should be Quick & Easy
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How Users Associate Wireless Devices Ming Ki Chong(chong@comp.lancs.ac.uk) Hans Gellersen (hwg@comp.lancs.ac.uk) CHI 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Which of these devices are connected? Wired connection Wireless connection
Introduction • Device association • Ideally, an association should be • Quick & Easy • No preparation • Without Instructions • Spontaneous interaction • E.g., printing a document in a public environment
Question • What types of actions do people spontaneouslyproduce to associate wireless devices? • How would you do it?
Some examples Synchronous Gestures (Hinckley, 2003) Spatial Alignment.Pointing a laser (Mayrhofer, 2007) Pen Gestures. “Stitching” (Hinckley, 2004) Shaking. “Shake well before use” (Mayrhofer, 2009) And, lots more Proximity (Rekimoto, 2003)
Methodology • User-defined actions • Similar to Wobbrock et al. (2009) and Kray et al. (2010) • Spontaneous actions, i.e., without premeditation and no hints • 18 non-technical participants (9 , 9 )
Generic Prototypes • 12 types of wireless devices • We made low-fi plastic props with minimal user interfaces (Left) Interactive Display (Right, top row) Tablet Computer, Keyboard (Second row) Media player, Digital Camera, Microphone, Mouse, Handheld Projector (Bottom row) Digital Watch, Mobile Phone, Gaming Device, Headphones
Setup • 37 combinations of devices • 30 pairings • 7 groups of 3 or more • Selected 3 primary devices • Mobile Phone • Tablet Computer • Interactive Display • At least one primary in each combination
Environment Library Camera Participant Conductor Plastic Props *A mock-up picture of the user study setup.
Video : Mobile Phone + Handheld Projector Mobile Phone Handheld Projector
Video : Interactive Display + Wireless Keyboard Interactive Display Wireless Keyboard
Results • Collected 752 instances • 36 unique actions. For example: Device Touch Docking Hanging Physical Contact Pointing Snap a picture Swiping
Twelve categories • The top five categories • Search & Select • Proximity • Button Event • Device Touch • Gesture • Not a single category with a large proportion • 5 large shares Overall occurrences of the twelve categories
Total number of occurrences Total number of occurrences 12 Categories 37 Device Combinations Top Five Categories Mobile Phone Tablet Computer Interactive Display Multiple Devices 3 or more
Mobile Phone Tablet Computer 3 4 1 5 3 - - 1 -11 - Wireless Headset Interactive Display Multiple Devices
Highest numbers only Search & Select Gesture Projector Mobile Phone Projector Tablet Computer Proximity Projector Interactive Display Multiple Devices Projector
Token Mobile Phone Tablet Computer Interactive Display Multiple Devices
Discussion / Reflection • People have many ideas • Commercial products have adopted • search & select, bumping, device touch • Overlaps between researchers and users, but not always in harmony, e.g.: • Shaking • Physical Token
Summary • Presented a study of user-defined actions for spontaneous device association • No single favourite action, instead five dominant categories were found • The data we have is a snapshot of people’s current view