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Normocytic Anemia

Normocytic Anemia. Dr. Fatin Al-Sayes, MD, MSc, MRCPath Consultant Hematology / Assistant Professor King Abdulaziz University Hospital. Definition:. (MCV 80-100 fL) Differential diagnosis (1) hemolysis, haemorrhage (2) dual deficiency of iron + B12 or folate

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Normocytic Anemia

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  1. Normocytic Anemia Dr. Fatin Al-Sayes, MD, MSc, MRCPath Consultant Hematology / Assistant Professor King Abdulaziz University Hospital

  2. Definition: (MCV 80-100 fL) Differential diagnosis (1) hemolysis, haemorrhage (2) dual deficiency of iron + B12 or folate (3) anemia of chronic disorders (4) bone marrow aplasia (5) bone marrow disease or replacement (6) hypothyroidism

  3. Aplastic Anemia

  4. Definition: • Peripheral blood pancytopenia • Bone marrow failure • Uncommon • Peak incidence around 30 years • Slight male predominance

  5. Etiology: (1) Idiopathic (2) Drug induced • Dose dependant • Idiosyncratic (3) Chemical or toxin (4) Infection • Hepatitis • Parvovirus • TB • HIV (5) Pregnancy (6) Thymoma (7) Associated with MDS (8) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) (9) Constitutional • Fanconi anemia • Familial aplastic anemia • Dyskeratosis congenita

  6. Pathophyisology: (1) Substantial reduction in the number of stem cells (2) Immune mediated mechanism (3) Defective hematopoietic microenvironment

  7. Clinical features: • Bleeding e.g. bruising, bleeding gum • Weakness. Symptoms of anemia. • Infection e.g. mouth.

  8. Physical examination: • Pallor • Purpura: ecchymosis or petechiae • Gingivitis, stomatitis, pharyngitis etc • Absence of lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly are common

  9. Laboratory features: CBC: • Normocytic-normochromic anemia • ↓↓ reticulocyte count • Leucopenia • Thrombocytopenia Peripheral blood film: • Pancytopenia • No abnormal cells

  10. Laboratory features (cont): Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy: • Hypocellularity • ↑↑ fat cells numbers • Iron stores usually increased Cytogenetic analysis: Certain abnormalities may suggest a higher risk of myelodysplasia and acute leukemia Flow cytometry: CD56, CD59 may be absent, indicating the presence of PNH.

  11. Prognosis: Median survival is about 12 months.

  12. Differential diagnosis of aplastic anemia: • Bone marrow infiltration • Leukemia, MDS, myeloma • Hypersplenism • Megaloblastic anemia • Myelofibrosis • PNH

  13. Fanconi Anemia

  14. Congenital • Recessive inheritance

  15. Clinical features: • Growth retardation • Microcephaly, absent radii or thumbs • Renal tract defect e.g. pelvic Kidney or horseshoe kidney • Skin defect e.g. cafe au lait patches

  16. Usual age of presentation: • 5-10 years

  17. Complications: • 10% of cases develop AML • Malignancy of other organs e.g. skin

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