Session 1.4

1. Session 1.4 Slides to support Saleem’s presentation on IFCC and political process

2. Responsesto Climate ChangeUNFCCC – Mitigation and AdaptationDevelopment Injustice Mozaharul Alam Research Fellow, BCAS Golam Rabbani Senior Research Officer, BCAS S. M. Ashraful Amin Senior Research Officer, BCAS

3. Reponses to Climate Change: Highest Political Level Climate Change for the first taken by the UN General Assembly in 1988 It has adopted resolution 43/53 of 6 December 1988 on the “Protection of the Global Climate for Present and Future Generation of Mankind” UN General Assembly established an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) for negotiating a framework convention on climate change in 1990. The INC adopted by consensus the UNFCCC on 9 May 1992. The convention was opened for signature at the UNCED.

4. UNFCCC: Ultimate Objectives • The “ultimate objective” • Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system – prevention is out of question now. • Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient • to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, • to ensure that food production is not threatened and • to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. • The Framework Convention does not specify such • “level of GHG concentration” and “dangerous anthropogenic interference” – but 2 degree is target in the discussion • Timeframe for stabilization is also undefined in the convention – 2030 real reduction is necessary

5. UNFCCC: Principles Common but differentiated responsibilities (equity and respective capabilities). Developed country Parties should take the lead. The specific needs and special circumstances of developing country Parties should be given full consideration. The Parties should take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. The Parties have a right to, and should, promote sustainable development. The Parties should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to sustainable economic growth and development in all Parties

6. Adaptation Mitigation Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation All countries need to adapt to adverse effects of climate change Reduction of Greenhouse Gases by Annex-I Country Parties First Commitment Period 2008-2012 Developed countries shall provide resources to developing countries to meet cost of adaptation • Kyoto Protocol (KP) • Mechanisms • Clean Development Mechanism • Joint Implementation • Emission Trading • No-comprehensive mechanism • Existing Funding • Mechanisms • LDCF and SCCF (UNFCCC) • Adaptation Fund (KP) • GEF Trust Fund Finance and Technology Future GHG Reduction Commitment - AWG-KP AWG-LCA

7. Kyoto Protocol: Mitigation 1995, The First COP to UNFCCC reviewed Article 4, paragraph 2(a) and (b), and concluded that commitment of the Annex-I Country Parties under these subparagraphs are not adequate. Established “Ad-hoc Group on Berlin Mandate (AGBM)” and gave mandate to suggest appropriate action for the period beyond 2000 through the adoption of a protocol or another legal instrument 1997, Third Session of COP to the UNFCCC has adopted Kyoto Protocol which is legally binding target to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emission. It targets to cut 5.2 percent from 1990 levels in the period 2008-2012, known as first commitment period.

8. CLIMATE CHANGE including variability Human interference Exposure, Sensitivity Initial Impacts or Effects MITIGATION of climate change via GHG sources and sinks I M P A C T S V U L N E R A B I L I T I E S Autonomous Adjustments Planned ADAPTATION to the impacts and vulnerabilities Residual or Net Impacts Policy responses Response Measures: Inter-linkage Source: IPCC, 2001

9. Widening Issues Related to Responses: IPCC Assessment Report Najam et al.,(2003) IPCC Fourth Assessment Report IPCC Third Assessment Report IPCC Second Assessment Report IPCC First Assessment Report Climate + Impacts Climate + Impacts Cost-effectiveness Climate + Impacts Cost-effectiveness Climate + Impacts Equity Cost-effectiveness Equity Alternative Development Pathway (Cost-effectiveness) (Equity) (Alternative Development Pathway) (Sustainable Development)

10. Challenges for South • UNFCCC and KP has recognised both Mitigation and Adaptation • Adaptation need more emphasis as a certain human induced impacts can not avoided • Inadequate Fund to Address Adaptation • Development of Knowledge and Information • Sector and Spatial Scale (e.g. ecosystem) Assessment to understand vulnerability better (natural and social) • Development of context specific knowledge on coping and adaptation • County specific emission coefficient and data is necessary to prepare a comprehensive national communication.

11. Widening Issues: Bali Action Plan Shared Vision Mitigation Developed Countries – MRV Developing Countries – MRV, supported by finance and technology Adaptation Technology Transfer for mitigation and adaptation Financial Flow and Investment

12. Compliance Committee Bureau Bureau Facilitative Branch Enforcement Branch Expert Group on Technology Transfer Bureau Joint Working Group COP SBSTA Plenary IPCC COP/MOP Secretariat CDM Executive Board LDC Expert Group SBI Article 6 Supervisory Committee Financial Mechanism Non-Annex-I Consultative Group of Expert Bureau Institutions and Linkage