Unit 1 – Introduction to Physical Science

1. Unit 1 – Introduction to Physical Science

2. Scientific Notation

3. What is the SI unit for: • volume? • Mass? • Length? • Temperature? • Time? • What does the prefix kilo mean? • Convert 50 m to cm. • Convert 2000mg to kg.

4. Scientific Notation:  Powers of Ten 6.02 x 1023 Exponent Coefficient

5. Scientific Notation:  Powers of Ten Consider the number 123,000,000,000 Move the decimal point after the first digit, making the number have a value between 1 and 10. 1.23000000000 To find the exponent, count the number of places from the end of the number to where the decimal was placed.

6. Scientific Notation:  Powers of Ten Large number (>1) = positive exponent Small number (<1) = negative exponent DO YOU UNDERSTAND THIS?!?

7. Scientific Notation:  Powers of Ten So, for a very small number . . . 0.000 000 0144 Visual display of powers of ten (a view from outer space to the inside of an atom)

8. Convert the following between decimal form and scientific notation. 0.000 000 450 3.81 x 106 9.66 x 10-4 75,000,000

9. Math in Physical Science Worksheet • Please do the algebra practice and Scientific Notation conversions and then we’ll look at metric units.

10. What is the measuring system that scientists worldwide use? • Which is larger a kilometer or a centimeter? • What unit is used to measure mass? • What unit is used to measure volume? • What unit is used to measure length? • What is the formula for measuring the volume of a solid?

11. A Common System for Trade English system of measurement originated in 1215 with the signing of the Magna Carta. It attempted to bring uniform measurements to world trade. In 1790, the French government appointed a committee of scientists to develop a universal measuring system. It took ~10 years, and they unveiled the Metric system, now known as the International System of Units.

12. International System of Units (SI) Measurement length mass time temperature volume electric current Base Unit meter gram second Celsius (Kelvin) liters, meters cubed ampere

13. International System of Units (SI) Also includes prefixes that are placed on base units All prefixes represent a power of ten, or movement of the decimal one position. k h D U d c m

14. No Cussing! The following 4-Letter words are forbidden here: Inch Mile Foot Pint Yard Acre And we NEVER use the F word (useoC) Please keep it clean and Metric

15. International System of Units (SI) Map of the world where red represents countries whichdo not use the metric system Myanmar (Burma) USA Liberia

16. Figure 13 SI Base Units

17. International System of Units • “SI” • Based on the number 10 • Distance (length) uses meter (about 39 inches) • Mass (how much matter) uses gram ( a nickel is about 5 grams) • Volume (how much space) • Liquid volume – uses liter ( a little more than a quart) • Solid volume – uses cm3( about the size of a sugar cube) • 1 ml = 1 cm3 • Weight (affect gravity has on object) uses newton ( an apple weighs about 1 newton) (1 pound is about 4.4 newtons) • Density = Mass / Volume = g/L

18. To Amplify the Point • Distances can be short or very long. • Basic metric unit of length is the meter. • Metric prefixes are based on the number 10. • 10 meters = 1 dekameter • 10 dekameters = 1 hectometer • 10 hectometer = 1 kilometer • Therefore : 1 kilometer =1000 meters • And… • There are 10 decimeters in a meter • There are 10 centimeters in a decimeter • There are 10 millimeter in a centimeter • Therefore: 1000 millimeters = 1 meter

19. Metric Stairs Convert: 1527 centigrams into hectograms: going four steps up means you move the decimal 4 places to the left. Therefore: 1527 centigrams = .1527 hectograms & 9.8712345 kg = (steps to the right) 9871234.5 mg • You should be comfortable with converting from [cm] to [m], [mm] to [km], and so on.

20. So remember: • Kilo = 1000 • Hecta = 100 • Deka = 10 • Base = 1 • Centi = 1/10 • Deci = 1/100 • Milli = 1/1000

21. Remember this Saying: King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk

22. Kilometer Hectometer Decameter Meter Liter Gram decimeter centimeter millimeter decimilli centimilli Micrometer Nanometers are 3 more spaces over!! 1 pound = 453.59 grams

23. How many micrometers are in 10 millimeters? Remember to always start with what you have and go to what you need to find out! K h d m d c m If you move to the right on the chart, you will move your decimal to the right. If you move to the left on the chart, you will move your decimal to the left. 10,000

24. 1 2 3 MetersLitersGrams How do you use the “ladder” method? 1st – Determine your starting point. 2nd – Count the “jumps” to your ending point. 3rd – Move the decimal the same number of jumps in the same direction. Starting Point Ending Point __. __. __. 2 3 1 Ladder Method KILO1000Units HECTO100Units DEKA10Units DECI0.1Unit CENTI0.01Unit MILLI0.001Unit 4 km = _________ m How many jumps does it take? 4. = 4000 m

25. How many millimeters are in 10 meters? 10,000

26. How many meters are in 1 kilometer? 1,000

27. How many millimeters are in 1 micrometer? 1000

28. p.16 in textbook

29. Tools and Measurement Lab • Complete the activity on your own paper – 1 paper for the group • When finished: • return everything to the basket or middle of the table • turn in answer sheet and worksheet • return to your seats

31. Figure 7 A Scientific Method

32. Steps of the Scientific Method • Purpose • Research • Hypothesis • Experiment • Analyze data • Form conclusion • Repeat

33. Experiment vocabulary Variable – things that change Constants -things that stay the same

34. Variables • The factor that is changed purposefully to be tested is known as the independent variable. (Ask yourself, what am Ichanging?) • The factor that is measured or observed is called the dependent variable.

35. What is the Purpose of a Control? • Control groups are NOT being tested (it’s the one you don’t do anything to) • Controls are used for COMPARISON • Experimental group - variables are changed

36. Theory vs. Law • Theory: when many experiments show the same conclusion, the hypothesis can become a theory. • Theories are NOT proven!! • Law: fact of nature ex. gravity

37. Reporting Measurements

38. Reporting Measurements • Report what is known with certainty • Add ONE digit of uncertainty (estimation) Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 46

39. What would you report as the length of each pin shown below? Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry2002, page 122

40. What is the temperature as measured by each thermometer shown below? 5 100 10 10 50 5 5 0 0 0 0 3.5 oC 64 oC 8.3 oC 4.0 oC

41. Instruments for Measuring Volume Graduated cylinder Syringe Volumetric flask Buret Pipet

42. 10 8 6 Reading a Meniscus 10 mL reading too high line of sight too high proper line of sight reading correct line of sight too low reading too low graduated cylinder

43. ? 20 15 mL ? 15.0 mL 10

44. 20 10

45. 11 10

46. Express these numbers in Scientific Notation: .0000045 6,000,000,000

47. Temperature

48. Hints..

49. PRACTICE : Remember to do parenthesis first..

50. Temperature • The SI temperature scale – the Kelvin Scale – is also known as the absolute scale. • 0 Kelvin is absolute zero. This is the temperature at which all molecular motion stops. There is nothing below no molecular motion. There is nothing below absolute zero Kelvin.