World History Unit 6

1. World History Unit 6 Unit Topics: Independence Movements; regional social, economic, and political developments since 1945”, Wars and Advancing Technology SOLs: WHII 1a,b,c,d,e; 13 b,c; 15 a,b,c and embedded SOL REVIEW!!!!

2. WH II 14:REVIEW INDIA!!! The student will demonstrate knowledge of political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of independence movements and development efforts by • describing the struggles for self-rule, including Gandhi’s leadership in India and the development of India’s democracy • describing Africa’s achievement of independence, including Jomo Kenyatta’s leadership of Kenya and Nelson Mandela’s • describing the end of the mandate system and the creation of states in the Middle East, including the roles of Golda Meir and Gamal Abdul Nasser.

3. India: Independence • What do you know about each of the following: • Hinduism: • Islam: • Gandhi: • Nehru: • Jinnah: • Indira Gandhi:

4. Independence for India • British policies and the demand for self rule led to the rise of Indian Independence movements, which resulted in the creation of new states in the Indian sub continent. • What were the British policies? • Who made demands for independence? • What methods did they use?

5. GEOGRAPHY of “India” on a map • Find on the Indian sub-continent: • Area called “British India” • The Republic of India, a democratic nation that developed after independence • Pakistan (formerly WEST Pakistan) • Bangladesh (formerly EAST Pakistan) • Sri Lanka (formerly CEYLON)

6. Independence in Africa: • describe Africa’s achievement of independence, including Jomo Kenyatta’s leadership of Kenya and Nelson Mandela’s • Jomo Kenyatta • Nelson Mandela • Other independence leaders: (see chart)

7. African Independence: • POST WWII Independence due to: • “Right to self-determination” is part of the UN Charter • Increasing pride in African cultures and heritage • Resentment toward imperial rule and economic exploitation • Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium and Portugal • Influence of the post-WWII superpower rivalry during the COLD WAR

8. Independence in Africa West vs. East • WEST Africa = PEACFUL • EAST Africa = VIOLENT

10. African Independence • Revolutions were both peaceful AND violent • WEST Africa = mostly peaceful (Ghana) • Algeria : War for Independence from France= (VIOLENT) • EAST Africa = many VIOLENT revolutions • Kenya= VIOLENT (Jomo Kenyatta, Mau-Mau, etc.) • South Africa = VIOLENT also • APARTHEID (racial segregation was a big problem and led to international outcry to end it) • Nelson Mandela’s leadership was crucial

11. African Independence:Kwame Nkrumah • Ghana (Gold Coast): British colony

12. African Independence: JOMO KENYATTA Kenya (British colony)

13. African Independence: Mau-Mau • Kenya (British colony) • VIOLENT

14. African Independence:IdiAmin • Uganda—British colony • VIOLENT!

15. African Independence:Nelson Mandela • South Africa (Dutch, then British colony) • VIOLENT • British fought Dutch farmers known as BOERS • British fought ZULU tribe, led by Shaka ZULU

16. African Independence: F.W.de Klerk*

17. Archbishop Desmond Tutu • Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, this Anglican Archbishop supported economic sanctions against his own country and other nonviolent means to challenge the system of racial segregation in South Africa. (APARTHEID)

18. African Independence: Mobutu SeseSeko • Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly known as ZAIRE…and formerly known as the Belgian Congo!) • Renamed Democratic Republic of the Congo after Sese Seko was overthrown

19. African Independence: Robert Mugabe • Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia) • Named after Cecil Rhodes (a British imperialist)

21. Robert Mugabe • This Rhodesian nationalist leader fought against white minority rule and helped bring about independence in 1980. The country was renamed Zimbabwe after an ancient African kingdom and this man was elected president. He insisted on one party rule and tolerated little opposition.

23. African Independence:Ian Smith* • Rhodesia (before it became “Zimbabwe”) --British colony

24. African Independence:Julius Nyerere • Tanzania—British colony

25. See page 704 in the book!

26. Review history of: Monotheism Judaism Christianity Islam

27. Middle East: describe the end of the mandate system and the creation of states in the Middle East, including the roles of Golda Meir and Gamal Abdel Nasser. • Review: Colonialism, Berlin Conference, religion, WW I and WWII, Holocaust, establishment of Israel, and related events

28. Middle East: Peace and Conflict • Nationalism and the mandate system after WWI (REVIEW!) • UN decision to END the mandate system after WWII • Religious conflicts cause TENSION and violence • Economic development and the tension between modernization and westernization • Arab-Israeli Dispute (ongoing) • Egypt and the Suez Canal (Suez Crisis)

29. Middle East: Peace and Conflict • Mandates (after WWI) to know and find on a map: • FRENCH = Syria and Lebanon • BRITISH = Jordan (called Transjordan) and Palestine (part became independent as the State of Israel in 1948) • Can you discuss part of the HISTORY and culture of the mandates before, during and after the mandate era?

30. Middle East: Golda Meir • Prime minister of Israel* • led Israel (after initial setbacks) to victory in the Yom Kippur War* • Strong support of the United States

31. Israel’s position is vulnerable in the Middle East

32. Middle East: Gamal Abdel NASSER • President of Egypt • Nationalized the Suez Canal (took it from British control) • Established a relationship with the Soviet Union during the Cold War • Built the Aswan High Dam

33. Gamal Abdel NASSER • founder of the so-called “Non-Aligned Movement” ( India and Yugoslavia) • developed close relations with the Soviet Union. • USSR its satellites became chief source of military equipment and financial aid, beginning with a massive arms deal with Czechoslovakia in 1955. • May of 1967, Nasser expelled UN peacekeepers from the Sinai peninsula and announced a blockade of the Straits of Tiran to Israel-bound shipping. (Openly declares he wants to destroy Israel)

34. Key “wars” to remember about Israel and its neighbors • 1948: State of Israel is created • Immediately invaded by : Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria • Suez Crisis (Nasser in Egypt) and later the Six Day War 1967 • 1973 Yom Kippur War (vs. Egypt and Syria)

35. Six Day War • the third major Arab-Israeli conflict — was in a sense a continuation of the first two wars. Broadly speaking, the causes of the fighting in 1967 overlapped with the causes of fighting in 1948 (Arab rejection of Israel) and 1956 (continued rejectionism and an Egyptian blockade of shipping to Israel). • Israel, Egypt, Syria and Jordan were the key players

36. Middle East Conflict as part of the COLD WAR: • Geopolitical aspects of Six Day War 1967: • As American relations with Egypt soured, the Soviet Union stepped up its influence in the Arab world, working to build (pro-Soviet) Arab unity by focusing Arab attention on their common enemy, Israel • USA tries to get Israel to “hold off” and never strike first. USA provides intelligence to assist Israel make every strike count when they have to

37. Middle East: Yasir Arafat • Committed soldier against state of Israel • Head of the PLO (independent nationalist organization) • By 1988, he “renounces” violence and by 1993 signs Oslo Peace Accords with Rabin…. • BUT, a new intifada begins 2000…. • …Arafat dies in 2004

38. Oslo Peace Accords,1993 • TERMS for Palestinians were to include: • Self rule in West Bank & Gaza Strip (find those on the map) • renunciation of terrorism (STOP being terrorists!) • Recognize Israel’s right to exist”

39. Middle East: Yitzak Rabin • Gets a Nobel Peace Prize with Arafat • Assassinated by a Jewish student

40. Middle East: Ayatollah Khomeini • Installed after 1979 Islamic Revolution that overthrew Pahlavi Dynasty in Iran • US embassy was raided and US hostages held until 1980

41. SEE PAGE 713 in the book!

42. Review the following world leaders who made major contributions to events in the second half of the twentieth century • Country? • Religion? • Notable cultural features? • Relationship with USA & USSR during Cold War Era? • Current Events?

43. Indira Gandhi: • From India • Closer relationship between India and the Soviet Union during the Cold War • Developed nuclear program

44. Margaret Thatcher • British prime minister • Free trade and less government regulation of business • Close relationship with United States and U.S. foreign policy • Assertion of United Kingdom’s military power

45. Mikhail Gorbachev & Ronald Reagan • Glasnost(“openness”= free speech, press) and perestroika (“restructuring” of the Soviet economy: market, free enterprise with some private business) • Last “president” of Soviet Union

46. Deng Xiaoping • Reformed Communist China’s economy to a market economy leading to rapid economic growth • Continued communist control of government

48. Asia in Transition: China after WW II • Division of China into two nations at the end of WWII (Taiwan and People’s Republic of China) • Communist China participated in Korean Conflict on North Korea’s side • Modern leadership of DENG XIAOPENG/REFORMS ECONOMY

49. China after Mao: DENG XIAOPING • Reformed communist economy to market economy leading to RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH • Continued Communist control of the government • Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989 • Died 1997

50. Asia in Transition: Southeast Asia and the struggle to establish democratic gov’t • Colonial heritage • Ethnic and religious conflict