1 / 39

Techniques for Self-Control and Schedules of Reinforcement in Behavior Modification

Learn self-control techniques and reinforcement schedules like Fixed Ratio and Variable Interval in behavioral psychology to modify behavior effectively. Explore concepts like extinction, discrimination, and shaping for successful behavioral change.

brownem
Download Presentation

Techniques for Self-Control and Schedules of Reinforcement in Behavior Modification

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Quiz #3 • Last class, we talked about 6 techniques for self-control. Name and briefly describe 2 of those techniques.

  2. Chapter 10 Schedules of Reinforcement

  3. Schedule of Reinforcement • Delivery of reinforcement • Continuous reinforcement (CRF) • Fairly consistent patterns of behaviour • Cumulative recorder

  4. Cumulative Record • Use a cumulative recorder • No response: flat line • Response: slope • Cumulative record

  5. roller roller Cumulative Recorder pen paper strip

  6. Recording Responses

  7. The Accumulation of the Cumulative Record VI-25

  8. Schedules: • 4 Basic: • Fixed Ratio • Variable Ratio • Fixed Interval • Variable Interval • Others and mixes (concurrent)

  9. reinforcement no responses responses “pen” resetting Fixed Ratio (FR) • N responses required; e.g., FR 25 • CRF = FR1 • Rise-and-run • Postreinforcement pause • Steady, rapid rate of response • Ration strain slope

  10. Variable Ratio (VR) • Varies around mean number of responses; e.g., VR 25 • Rapid, steady rate of response • Short, if any postreinforcement pause • Longer schedule --> longer pause • Never know which response will be reinforced

  11. Fixed Interval (FI) • Depends on time; e.g., FI 25 • Postreinforcement pause • Scalloping • Time estimation • Clock doesn’t start until reinforcer given

  12. Variable Interval (VI) • Varies around mean time; e.g., VI 25 • Steady, moderate response rate • Don’t know when time has elapsed • Clock doesn’t start until reinforcer given

  13. Response Rates

  14. Duration Schedules • Continuous responding for some time period to receive reinforcement • Fixed duration (FD) • Period of duration is a set time period • Variable duration (VD) • Period of duration varies around a mean

  15. Differential Rate Schedules • Differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) • Reinforcement only if X amount of time has passed since last response • Sometimes “superstitious behaviours” occur • Differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH) • Reinforcement only if more than X responses in a set time • Or, reinforcement if less that X amount of time has passed since last response

  16. Noncontingent Schedules • Reinforcement delivery not contingent upon a response, but on passage of time • Fixed time (FT) • Reinforcer given after set time elapses • Variable time (VT) • Reinforcer given after some time varying around a mean

  17. Stretching the Ratio • Increasing the number of responses • e.g., FR 5 --> FR 50 • Extinction problem • Use shaping • Increase in gradual increments • e.g., FR 5, FR 8, FR 14, FR 21, FR 35, FR 50 • “Low” or “high” schedules

  18. Extinction • CRF (FR 1) easiest to extinguish than intermittent schedules (anything but FR 1) • Partial reinforcement effect (PRE) • High schedules harder to extinguish than low • Variable schedules harder to extinguish than fixed

  19. Discrimination Hypothesis • Difficult to discriminate between extinction and intermittent schedule • High schedules more like extinction than low schedules • e.g., CRF vs. FR 50

  20. Frustration Hypothesis • Non-reinforcement for response is frustrating • On CRF every response reinforced, so no frustration • Frustration grows continually during extinction • Stop responding, stop frustration (neg. reinf.) • Any intermittent schedule always some non-reinforced responses • Responding leads to reinforcer (pos. reinf.) • Frustration = S+ for reinforcement

  21. Sequential Hypothesis • Response followed by reinf. or nonreinf. • On intermittent schedules, nonreinforced responses are S+ for eventual delivery of reinforcer • High schedules increase resistance to extinction because many nonreinforced responses in a row leads to reinforced • Extinction similar to high schedule

  22. Response Unit Hypothesis • Think in terms of behavioural “units” • FR1: 1 response = 1 unit --> reinforcement • FR2: 2 responses = 1 unit --> reinforcement • Not “response-failure, response-reinforcer” but “response-response-reinforcer” • Says PRE is an artifact

  23. Mowrer & Jones (1945) 300 250 200 150 100 50 • Response unit hypothesis • More responses in extinction on higher schedules disappears when considered as behavioural units Number of responses/units during extinction FR1 FR2 FR3 FR4 absolute number of responses number of behavioural units

  24. Complex Schedules • Multiple • Mixed • Chain • Tandem • cooperative

  25. Choice • Two-key procedure • Concurrent schedules of reinforcement • Each key associated with separate schedule • Distribution of time and behaviour • The measure of choice and preference

  26. Concurrent Ratio Schedules • Two ratio schedules • Schedule that gives most rapid reinforcement chosen exclusively • Rarely used in choice studies

  27. Concurrent Interval Schedules • Maximize reinforcement • Must shift between alternatives • Allows for study of choice behaviour

  28. Interval Schedules • FI-FI • Steady-state responding • Less useful/interesting • VI-VI • Not steady-state responding • Respond to both alternatives • Sensitive to rate of reinforcemenet • Most commonly used to study choice

  29. Alternation and the Changeover Response • Maximize reinforcers from both alternatives • Frequent shifting becomes reinforcing • Simple alternation • Concurrent superstition

  30. Changeover Delay • COD • Prevents rapid switching • Time delay after “changeover” before reinforcement possible

  31. Herrnstein’s (1961) Experiment • Concurrent VI-VI schedules • Overall rates of reinforcement held constant • 40 reinforcers/hour between two alternatives

  32. The Matching Law • The proportion of responses directed toward one alternative should equal the proportion of reinforcers delivered by that alternative.

  33. Proportional Rate of Reinforcement Proportional Rate of Response R1 = reinf. on key 1 R2 = reinf. on key 2 B1 = resp. on key 1 B2 = resp. on key 2 B1 B1+B2 R1 R1+R2 20 20+20 = = = 0.5 Key 1 Key 2 VI-3min Rein/hour = 20 Resp/hour = 2000 VI-3min Rein/hour = 20 Resp/hour = 2000 2000 2000+2000 = 0.5 MATCH!!!

  34. Proportional Rate of Reinforcement Proportional Rate of Response R1 = reinf. on key 1 R2 = reinf. on key 2 B1 = resp. on key 1 B2 = resp. on key 2 B1 B1+B2 R1 R1+R2 6.7 6.7+33.3 = = = 0.17 Key 1 Key 2 VI-9min Rein/hour = 6.7 Resp/hour = 250 VI-1.8min Rein/hour = 33.3 Resp/hour = 3000 250 250 + 3000 = 0.08 NO MATCH  (but close…)

  35. Bias • Spend more time on one alternative than predicted • Side preferences • Biological predispositions • Quality and amount

  36. Varying Quality of Reinforcers • Q1: quality of first reinforcer • Q2: quality of second reinforcer

  37. Varying Amount of Reinforcers • A1: amount of first reinforcer • A2: amount of second reinforcer

  38. Combining Qualities and Amounts

  39. Applications • Gambling • Reinforcement history • Economics • Value of reinforcer and stretching the ratio • Malingering

More Related