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This study reconstructs the 120-year historical invasion of Spartina alterniflora on the North American east coast in Willapa Bay, Washington, using various historical sources. The analysis delves into the spatial, temporal, and historical aspects of the invasion, shedding light on the local introduction and widespread establishment of the species.
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Abstract: The establishment of North American east coast native Spartina alterniflora (smoothcordgrass) in Willapa Bay, Washington is a specific example of broad-scale invasion following local introduction. In this study, we examined a 120-y historical record of aerial photographs, oral histories, museum records, and publications to reconstruct the spatial, temporal, and historical elements of this invasion. Civille et al. (2005)