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Explore the role of consciousness in L2 acquisition, language transfer effects, communication strategies, and processing operations in Glottodidactics. Learn about positive and negative transfer, contrastive analysis, and the multidimensional model of language acquisition. Discover how learners develop implicit and explicit knowledge and the various operations involved in interlanguage development.
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Lesson 7 Glottodidactics
Glottodidactics • Outline • Chapter 7 Ellis:Psycholinguistic aspects of Interlanguage • L1 Transfer • The role of consciousness in L2 acquisition • Processing operations • Communication strategies • Two types of communication models
Glottodidactics • Psycholinguistics or psychology oflanguage is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, understand and produce language (Wikipedia). • Psycholinguisticsis the study of mental structures and processes involved in the acquisition and use of language.
Glottodidactics • L1 Transfer • Language transfer(also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, and cross meaning) refers to speakers or writers applying knowledge from their native language to a second language.
Glottodidactics • When the relevant unit or structure of both languages is the same, linguistic interference can result in correct language production called positive transfer. Negative transfer occurs when speakers and writers transfer points and structures that are not the same in both languages.
Glottodidactics • Contrastive analysisis the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities (Wikipedia). • The greater the differences between the two languages, the more negative transfer can be expected.
Glottodidactics • L1 transfer can result in avoidance. • For example, Chinese and Japanese learners of English avoid the use of relative clauses because their languages do not contain equivalent structures. These learners make fewer errors in relative clauses than Arabic learners of English but only because they rarely use them.
Glottodidactics • Erric Kellerman said that learners have perceptions regarding the linguistic features of their own language. Kellerman found that advanced Dutch learners of English had clear perception about which meanings of ‘breken’ (‘break’) were basic in their L1 and which were unique. He also found that they were prepared to translate a sentence like: • Hij brak zijn been. (He broke his leg)
Glottodidactics • The role of consciousness in L2 acquisition • L2 learners, especially adults, seem to have to work hard and to study the language consciously in order to succeed. • Krashen claims that the two knowledge systems, learned and acquired L2 knowledge, are independent, and both of them cannot be converted.
Glottodidactics • Schmidt argues that regardless of intentional or incidental learning, it involves conscious attention to features in the input. He also claims that learning cannot take place without noticing. Learners learn implicitly when they know rules that guide their performance without any awareness of what the rules consist of. • Learners learn explicitly when they may have the knowledge about the L2 but be unable to use this knowledge in performance without conscious attention.
Glottodidactics • Explicit knowledge can help learners in developing implicit knowledge in a number of ways: • Explicit knowledge can only convert into implicit knowledge when learners are at the right stage of development. • Explicit knowledge can facilitate the process by which learners deal with features in the input. • Explicit knowledge can help learners to move from intake to acquisition by helping them to notice the gap between what they have observed in the input and the present state of their interlanguage as manifested in their output.
Glottodidactics • Processing operations • Another way of identifying the processes responsible for interlanguage development is to deduce the operations that learners perform from a close inspection of their output. • Operating principles are strategies which children use to extract and segment linguistic information from the language they hear. Operating principles provide a simple and attractive way of justifying the properties of interlanguage. • However, it is not clear how many principles are needed and the one that has been advanced are not mutually exclusive.
Glottodidactics • This multidimensional model tried to give an explanation for both why learners acquire the grammar of a language in a definite order and also why some learners only develop very simple interlanguage grammar. • The multidimensional model is a great theory of L2 acquisition because it proposes mechanisms to explain why learners follow a definite acquisitional method.
Glottodidactics • Communication strategies • L2 learners frequently experience problems in saying what they want to say because of their inadequate knowledge. • If they do not know a word in the target language, they can borrow a word from their L1 or use another target-language. • Learners can also try to paraphrase the meaning of the word, or even create a new word. • The choice of communication strategies will reflect the learner’s stage of development. • Selinker pointed that communication strategies constitute one of the processes responsible for learner errors.
Glottodidactics • Two types of communication models • The first type involves the idea of ‘serial processing.’ • The second type involves the idea of ‘parallel distributed processing.’
