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Lab Activity 1

Lab Activity 1. Body Organization and Terminology. Portland Community College BI 231. Organs and Organ Systems. Regional anatomy is the study of particular areas of the body, such as head or leg An organ system is a collection of organs that works as a team to complete an objective

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Lab Activity 1

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  1. Lab Activity 1 Body Organization and Terminology Portland Community College BI 231

  2. Organs and Organ Systems • Regional anatomy is the study of particular areas of the body, such as head or leg • An organ system is a collection of organs that works as a team to complete an objective • Although organ systems are studied separately, there is intimate connections between the systems

  3. Reproductive System • Structures: • Gonads: testes and ovaries • Accessory organs: uterus, vagina, penis, and seminal vesicles, play a part in the transport of the sex cells and the development of the fetus • Functions: • Making Babies

  4. Urinary System • Structures: • Kidneys (serve as filters), ureters (connect kidneys to bladder), urinary bladder (storage), urethra (exit tube from the body) • Functions: • Removal of nitrogenous wastes • Adjusts the chemical balance of body fluids and maintaining blood volume

  5. Nervous System • Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, peripheral nerves and sense organs. • Function: • Fast-acting control system of the body • Coordinates body regions, interprets environmental cues, and integrates information

  6. Muscular System • Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body and associated tendons • Function: • Moves and strengthen joints • Provides protection and support for other tissues • Thermogenesis (generation of heat) and maintains body temperature

  7. Respiratory System • Structures: • Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs • Functions: • Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove CO2 • Regulate blood pH • Produces sound for communication

  8. Skeletal System • Structure: each bone is considered an organ, with blood vessels and nerves found in each, cartilages, ligaments, bone marrow • Function: • Protects and supports body organs • Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement • Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells) • Mineral storage • Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium

  9. Lymphatic/Immune System • Structures: • Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow, tonsils • Functions: • Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream • Disposal of debris • Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease-causing organisms) • Absorption of fat from the digestive tract

  10. Integumentary System • Structures: Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands • Function: • Forms external body covering • Protects deeper tissues from injury • Involved in vitamin D synthesis • Site of pain and pressure receptors • Helps regulate body temperature

  11. Digestive System • Structures: • Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder • Functions: • Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

  12. Endocrine System • Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands • Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart • Functions: • Long-term control system of the body • Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.

  13. Cardiovascular System • Structures: • Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) and blood • Functions: • The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels. • Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.

  14. Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position: Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from body Anatomical Position

  15. These are relative positions Proximal/distal Proximal is closer to the trunk Distal is farther from the trunk Medial/lateral Medial is closer to the midline Farther away from the midline Intermediate is between medial and lateral Body Orientationand Direction

  16. Dorsal: Back Ventral: Front Superior or cranial is toward the head Inferior or Caudal is toward the feet Anterior: most forward Posterior: toward the backside Body Orientation and Direction

  17. Relationships and comparisons • Ipsilateral- on the same side of the body • Contralateral- on the opposite side of the body

  18. Planes of the Body

  19. Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system Contains Brain and Spinal Cord Dorsal Body Cavity

  20. Thoracic Cavity Heart & Lungs Subdivided into the mediastinum and pleural cavities Lower border is the diaphragm Abdominal Cavity Stomach, Liver, Intestines Pelvic Cavity Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum Cavities

  21. Serous Membranes • Serous Membranes have two layers • Parietal serosa lines internal body walls • Visceral serosa covers the internal organs • Serous fluid separates the serosae

  22. Serous Membranes

  23. Serous Membranes of the Heart

  24. Anterior Landmarks

  25. PosteriorLandmarks

  26. Anatomical Locations • Abdominal: abdominal region • Acromial: the point of the shoulder • Antebrachial: forearm • Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow • Axillary: armpit • Brachial: upper arm • Buccal: cheek of the face • Calcaneal: heel of the foot • Carpal: wrist • Cephalic: head

  27. Anatomical Locations • Cervical: neck • Deltoid: round part of the shoulder • Digital: fingers and toes • Dorsum: back • Femoral: thigh • Frontal: forehead • Gluteal: buttocks • Hallux: big toe • Inguinal: groin • Lumbar: lower back • Mammary: breast

  28. Anatomical Locations • Mental: chin • Nasal: Nose • Occipital: base of the skull • Olecranal: elbow • Oral: mouth • Orbital: bony eye socket • Otic: ear • Palmar: palm of hand • Patellar: Kneecap • Pedal: Foot

  29. Anatomical Locations • Pelvic: pelvis region • Perineal: area between anus and external genitals • Plantar: sole of foot • Pollex: thumb • Popliteal: behind the knee • Pubic: genital region • Sacral: lower back between the hips • Scapular: shoulder blade • Tarsal: ankle • Thoracic: chest • Vertebral: spine

  30. Abdominopelvic Regions

  31. RUQ Liver LUQ Spleen RLQ Appendix LLQ Sigmoid colon Quadrants

  32. Muscles to know • Sternocleidomastoid • Deltoid • Pectoralis major • External abdominal oblique • Rectus abdominis • Biceps brachii • Sartorius • Rectus femoris • Tibialis anterior

  33. Muscles continued • Trapezius • Triceps brachii • Latissimus dorsi • Gluteus maximus • Semitendinosus • Biceps femoris • gastrocnemius

  34. Lab Activity 2 The Microscope

  35. Care of the Microscope • When transporting microscope, hold in upright position with one hand on the arm and the other supporting the base • Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER USE KIMWIPES. • Always begin the focusing process with the lowest-power objective and change to higher-power lenses as necessary. • Use fine focus only for adjustment • Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest power objective lens • Always use a coverslip with temporary preparations

  36. Putting Microscope Away • Remove slides from stage and place in appropriate place • Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into position • Move stage to the lowest position • Turn down light brightness • Turn off power • Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes or alcohol wipe if needed • Wrap the cord neatly around the base • Lock the cabinet

  37. The End The End

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