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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. Thinking and Language. Chapter 8 Section 1. 1. Symbols: Object or an act that stands for something else. a. Symbols allow us to understand things that are not actually present. Well known symbols. Concepts.

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Thinking and Language

  2. Chapter 8 Section 1 • 1.Symbols: Object or an act that stands for something else. • a. Symbols allow us to understand things that are not actually present

  3. Well known symbols

  4. Concepts • 1. Grouping together objects, events, or ideas that have similar characteristics • 2. People organize concepts into hierarchies • a. Example: Animals Mammals Horses

  5. Prototypes • 1. An example of a concept that best exemplifies that concept • a. Example: Imagining a shoe

  6. Chapter 8 Section 5Thinking and Language

  7. Phonemes • 1. Basic sounds of a language • a.Example: the O in Dog and the O in No (makes 2 different sounds)

  8. Morphemes • 1. Units of meaning in a language • a. Example: bike & car. Also pre, ness, ed, post…

  9. Syntax • 1. The way in which words are arranged to make phrases and sentences • 2. English syntax usually follows the pattern: Subject, verb, then object of the verb • a. Example: Linda (subject), Cooked (verb), dinner (object)

  10. Semantics • 1. Refers to the study of word meanings. • a. Example: It will be a long time before dinner is served • 2. The members of Linda’s family long for a tasty dinner • a. Example: right & write

  11. Stages of Language Development • 1. Crying, Cooing and Babbling • 2. Crying and Cooing are not considered true language but is a form of expression • 3. Babbling: consonant & vowel combinations around 6 months old

  12. Words • 1. Around 18 months= around 24 word vocabulary

  13. Grammar • 1. Forming sentences around 2 years old • a. Example: “my doggie”, “want juice” • 2. Overregularization: irregular verbs used incorrectly • b. Example: “I runned away”, “I throwed the ball.” • **Overregularization shows an advance in the development in grammar.

  14. How do we learn language? • 1. Hereditary Influences • 2. People have a natural tendency to acquire language

  15. 3. Environmental Influences: We learn what language is spoken to or around us (limitation of what we hear)

  16. Bilingualism • 1.Learning language is best done at an early age • 2.Learning a language later in life results in an accent no matter how fluent a person may be

  17. Problem Solving • 1.Algorithms: specific procedure that will always lead to the solution of a problem. • 2.Heuristics: rules of thumb that often but not always, help us find the solution to a problem.

  18. Types of Reasoning • 1.Deductive reasoning: conclusion is true if the premises are true. • a. Example: All butterflies have wings so this butterfly must have wings • 2.Inductive reasoning: Reason from individual cases or particular facts to reach a general conclusion. • b. Example: This car is red, all cars must be red.

  19. vpaolv= pavlov • rnueno= Neuron • llaumed= medulla • rsyclpanoe= narcolepsy • ndoeec= encode • oenc= cone • rtiena= retina • tletsag= gestalt • enampoid= dopamine • oagllri= gorilla

  20. 26=L of the A • 7= W of the W • 1001=A. N. • 12= S of the Z • 54= C in the D (with the J) • 9= P in the S S • 88= P K • 13= S on the A F • 18= H on the G C • 3= B M (S H T R) • 4= Q in a G • 24= H in a D • 57= H V • 11= P on a F T • 1000= W that a P is W • 29 D in F in a L Y

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