Plant Collections Due next Friday, November 21st

1. Plant Collections Due next Friday, November 21st

2. Plant FamiliesThings which are alike, in nature, grow to look alike. Nobody Moraceae Utricaceae Fabaceae Fagaceae

3. Moraceae • Moraceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mulberry or fig family. It comprises 53 genera and 1500 species of plants widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less common in temperate climates. Included are well-known plants such as the fig, banyan, breadfruit, mulberry, and Osage-orange.

4. Moraceae • The Moraceae are monoecious or dioecious trees shrubs, lianas, or rarely herbs, nearly all with milky sap. • The leaves are simple and alternate or rarely opposite. The stipules are small and lateral or sometimes they form a cap over the bud and leave a cylindrical scar.

5. Moraceae • The flowers are unisexual and minute, and are usually densely aggregated. These aggregations frequently take the form of pendulous aments or catkins. • Usually, the perianth consists of 4 or 5 undifferentiated tepals, but sometimes fewer or no perianth segments are present.

6. Moraceae • A typical male flower has four stamens, one opposite each perianth segment. • The female flowers have a bicarpellate pistil, generally with two styles, although one may be suppressed. • The ovary is superior or inferior and contains a single pendulous ovule in a solitary locule. • Fruit types include drupes and achenes that are often coalesced or otherwise aggregated into a multiple accessory fruit.

7. Moraceae in Montana? • There are no representatives of this family which are native to the state. Two genera of this family that have been observed growing here (but planted as ornamentals) are mulberry(Morus spp.) and Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera). Osage-orange is marginally hardy in protected micro-climates in Montana.

8. Morus albaFamily: Moraceae • The ripe fruit is edible and can be used in pies, tarts, wines and cordials. • Unripe fruit and green parts of the plant have a white sap that is intoxicating and mildly hallucinogenic. Common or white mulberry Grows in Montana but native to China.

9. Morus spp.Family: Moraceae • Leaves on mulberries are simple, undivided or lobed, dimorphic, serrate or denate, ovate to broad ovate. They are usually dark green and shiny on adaxial surface.

10. Morus spp.Family: Moraceae • The leaves of a few species of the Morus genus are used as food for silkworms. Morus alba is one such species. • Many birds and animals eat the fruit of our native North American mulberry (Morus rubra)

11. Cardinalis cardinalis in a mulberry tree in winter

12. Maclura pomiferaFamily: Moraceae • Osage-orange, aka as Hedge-apple, and bois d’arc is native to Arkansas to Oklahoma and Texas but grown far out of its native range. The wood is very rot resistant so makes good fence posts. It is also strong and resilient, so is used to make bows.

13. Maclura pomiferaFamily: Moraceae • The fruit of Osage-orange is a large 4” to 6” wide globose syncarp of drupes covered with a yellow-green rind. • The fruits are heavy and drop like bombs from trees to dent car roofs. • Believe me!!!

14. Ficus carica L.Family: Moraceae • Common fig has been grown since earliest times for its fruit.

15. Ficus carica L. • The fig is commonly thought of as fruit, but it is properly the flower of the fig tree. It is in fact a false fruit or multiple fruit, in which the flowers and seeds grow together to form a single mass. • A fig is an involuted, nearly closed receptacle with many small flowers arranged on the inner surface. Thus the actual flowers of the fig are unseen unless the fig is cut open.

16. Ficus benjamina L.Family: Moraceae • Common ficus is widely used as a houseplant in our climate. It grows into a large tree outside in tropical to sub-tropical areas like California and Florida.

17. Artocarpus altilusFamily: Moraceae • Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a tree and fruit native to the Malay Peninsula and western Pacific islands. It was collected and distributed by Lieutenant William Bligh as one of the botanical samples collected by HMS Bounty in the late 18th century, on a quest for cheap, high-energy food sources for British slaves in the West Indies.

18. Utricaceae • The Urticaceae (aka the nettle family) are monoecious or dioecious herbs or infrequently shrubs or small trees comprising 54 genera and 1160 species, often with specialized stinging hairs. • The leaves are alternate or opposite, simple, and almost always stipulate.

19. Urticaceae • The minute, unisexual flowers are in cymose clusters. The perianth is of mostly 4 or 5 undifferentiated tepals or is sometimes absent. The male flowers have a stamen opposite each perianth segment. The female flowers have a single simple pistil with a superior or inferior ovary that contains one basal ovule in its solitary locule. The stigma is brushlike and elongated or is capitate. The fruit is an achene or drupe; in a few species these coalesce to form a multiple fruit.

20. Pilea spp.Family: Urticaceae • Many different species of Pilea are used as ornamental plants both indoors (in colder climates like ours) and outdoors in warmer climates. Pilea represents a large number of species in the family Utricaceae.

21. Urticaceae in Montana? • Dorn 1984 lists two genera in this family in Montana: • Parietaria (1), Urtica (1)

22. Parietaria pennsylvanicaFamily: Urticaceae • Pennsylvania pellitory is native to Montana and occurs in moist, shaded areas throughout the state. Pennsylvania Pellitory lacks stinging hairs and its foliage is harmless. This annual plant is about ½–1½' tall and usually unbranched, and its leaves are ¾" across or less.

23. Urtica dioica L.Family: Urticaceae • Stinging nettles are a dioecious herbaceous perennial, growing to three feet or more tall in the summer and dying down to the ground in winter. It is edible when young (lightly steamed).

24. Urtica dioica L. • The leaves and stems are very hairy with non-stinging hairs and also bear many stinging hairs (trichomes) whose tips come off when touched, transforming the hair into a needle that will inject several chemicals: acetylcholine, histamine, 5-HT or serotonin, and possibly formic acid. This mixture of chemical compounds cause a sting or paresthesia from which the species derives its common name, as well as the colloquial names burn nettle, burn weed, burn hazel.

25. Urtica dioica L. Beware of stinging nettles when tromping through moist areas in Montana.

26. Fagaceae • The Fagaceae (aka beech or oak family) are monoecious trees and shrubs comprising 9 genera and about 900 species. • The leaves are alternate and spiral, simple but often lobed, entire or serrate, with pinnate venation. Stipules present but deciduous.

27. Fagaceae • The male flowers have a 4-7 lobed perianth of tepals and 4-40 stamens and are usually grouped in pendulous catkins. The female flowers are solitary or in small clusters. They have a 4-6 lobed perianth of tepals, and are often subtended by a series of bracteoles comprising an involucre. The single compound pistil of 3-6 carpels has an inferior ovary with 3-6 locules and two basal or nearly basal ovules in each locule. The fruit is called an acorn. It is a 1-seeded nut that is basally enveloped by a cupule derived from the involucre.

28. Fagaceae • Widespread in tropical to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. • The family is exceptionally important as a source of timber for construction of all kinds of things. • Chestnuts are edible, and acorns are also occasionally eaten.

29. Fagaceae in Montana? • Dorn 1984 lists only one species of this family occuring natively in Montana. This is • Quercus macrocarpa Michx. , aka known as burr oak. It grows on hillsides and canyons in Carter and Powder River counties in extreme southeastern Montana. It is planted in landscapes throughout the state.

30. Quercus macrocarpa Michx.Family: Fagaceae Burr oak leaves remind some people of violins.

31. Fabaceae • The Legume or Bean family (Leguminosae) are mostly herbs but include also shrubs and trees found in both temperate and tropical areas. They comprise one of the largest families of flowering plants, numbering some 630 genera and 18000 species. • It is the third largest family of angiosperms.

32. Fabaceae • The leaves are stipulate, nearly always alternate, and range from pinnately or palmately compound to simple. The petiole base is commonly enlarged into a pulvinus (a cushionlike swelling at the base of the stalk of a leaf or leaflet.)

33. Fabaceae • The flowers are slightly to strongly perigynous (having sepals, petals, and stamens around the edge of a cuplike receptacle containing the ovary) , zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) and commonly in racemes, spikes, or heads.

34. Fabaceae • The perianth commonly consists of a calyx and corolla of 5 segments each. • The petals are overlapping (imbricate) in bud with the posterior petal (called the banner or flag) outermost (i.e., exterior) in position. • The petals are basically distinct except for variable connation of the two lowermost ones called the keel petals. The lateral petals are often called the wings.

35. Fabaceae • The androecium most commonly consists of 10 stamens in two groups (i.e., they are diadelphous with 9 stamens in one bundle and the 10th stamen more or less distinct). • The pistil is simple, comprising a single style and stigma, and a superior ovary with one locule containing 2-many marginal ovules. • The fruit is usually a legume.

36. Fabaceae

37. Fabaceae

38. Fabaceae Wisteria flower

39. Fabaceae

40. Fabaceae • Many species have root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria. • Important food plants second only to Poaceae in economic importance.

41. Fabaceae in Montana? • Dorn 1984 includes: • Amorpha, Astragalus (many), Caragana, Coronilla, Dalea, Glychyrrhiza, Hedysarum, Lathyrus, Lotus, Lupinus, Medicago, Melilotus, Onobrychis, Oxytropis, Psoralea, Robinia, Sphaerophysa, Thermopsis, Trifolium, Vicia.

42. Amorpha canescens PurshFamily: Fabaceae False indigo or leadplant

43. Astragalus purshii Dougl.Family: Fabaceae Wooly-pod milk vetch

44. Astragalus miser Dougl.Family: Fabaceae Timber milk vetch

45. Astragalus agrestis Dougl.Family: Fabaceae Purple milk vetch.

46. Dalea purpurea Vent.Family: Fabaceae Purple prairie clover

47. Glycyrrhiza lepidota PurshFamily: Fabaceae American licorice

48. Lupinus argenteusFamily: Fabaceae Silvery lupine

49. Oxytropis lambertii PurshFamily: Fabaceae Purple locoweed

50. Oxytropis lambertii • This species can cause locoism, a chronic disease that results after long-term grazing. The plant contains swainsonine, an alkaloid, which results in cellular dysfunction through a long biological process. Affected animals show nervous system impairment, with symptoms such as dullness and excitement, as well as immune system impairment. Abortion and congenital birth deformities may occur. Animals affected include cattle, horses, and sheep. Animals may become habituated to locoweed. Death can result (James 1983, Cheeke and Schull 1985).