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The Extraordinary Properties of Water: Earth's Universal Solvent

Delve into the remarkable characteristics of water on Earth, its role as a universal solvent, transparency, phases, density, temperature, and unique features like high heat capacity, vaporization, and hydrogen bonding. Explore water's significance in sustaining life, from solubility to its impact on living organisms and the environment. Uncover how water's properties influence everything from aquatic plant photosynthesis to the behavior of marine life. Learn why water, the universal solvent, is essential for sustaining life on our planet.

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The Extraordinary Properties of Water: Earth's Universal Solvent

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  1. Water

  2. Earth the Water Planet

  3. Earth the Water Planet

  4. Special Properties of Water • Universal Solvent • Transparency • Three Physical Phases • Density and Temperature • High Specific Heat • High Heat of Vaporization • Low Compressibility • “Stickiness” of Water Molecules • Viscosity

  5. Polarity of Water Molecules

  6. Hydrogen Bonding Between Water Molecules

  7. Hydrogen Bonding Between Different Molecules

  8. Universal Solvent

  9. Universal Solvent Solution = A liquid in which two or more substances are homogeneously mixed. Solvent = Fluid portion of a solution into which other substances are dissolved. Solute = A substance that is dissolved into a solvent to produce a solution.

  10. Universal Solvent NaCl (sodium chloride)Dissolving Into Water

  11. Universal Solvent NaCl Dissolving Into Water

  12. Universal Solvent NaCl Dissolving Into Water

  13. Universal Solvent Protein Dissolving Into Water

  14. Solubility of Solids • In general, the solubility of solids increases with increases in temperature.

  15. Solubility of Gases • In general, the solubility of gases decrease with increases in temperature.

  16. Importance to Living Things • Water is the solvent in which most of the chemistry of life takes place.

  17. Transparency

  18. Electromagnetic Radiation

  19. Electromagnetic Radiation

  20. Light Intensity and Depth in the Ocean

  21. Spectral Characteristics of Light with Depth

  22. Importance to Living Things • Aquatic plants are able to live and photosynthesize beneath the surface of the water. • Animals are able to see below the surface of the water. • Changing spectral distribution of light with depth influences physiology and behavior of living things.

  23. liquid solid gas Three Phases of Water

  24. Three Phases of Water solid gas liquid

  25. hydrogen bonds Ice vs Liquid Water ice liquid

  26. Melting and Boiling Temperatures of Water

  27. Colligative Properties • Dissolved solids increase the boiling point and decrease the freezing point.

  28. Importance to Living Things • Water exists in all three phases at temperatures found on Earth. • If water behaved like substances with similar molecular weight, water would exist only as a gas and it’s likely that the Earth’s gravity wouldn’t retain water.

  29. Density and Temperature • Above 4°C the density of liquid water decreases as the temperature increases. • As the temperature is decreased from 4°C to 0°C, the density decreases. • Water exhibits a density maximum of 1.0 grams/milliliter (g/mL) at 4°C. • Ice is less dense than water.

  30. Density Behavior of Water

  31. Specific Gravity

  32. Importance to Living Things • Ice floats on top of liquid water. • If ice were more dense than liquid water, then ice would sink, leading to a freezing-over of many lakes and streams.

  33. Ice Floats!

  34. High Specific Heat • 1.0 calories of absorbed heat energy will raise the temperature of 1.0 gram of water by 1.0°C.

  35. Importance to Living Things • Water can buffer the environment and living things against extreme changes in temperature.

  36. High Heat of Vaporization • At 25°C, 1.0 gram of water must absorb 580 calories of heat energy in order to be converted from a liquid to a gas.

  37. Importance to Living Things • Water vapor in the atmosphere moderates the Earth’s climate. • Living things may moderate their body temperatures via evaporation of water from their surfaces (evaporative cooling).

  38. Low Compressibility • Liquid water does not compress significantly into a smaller volume.

  39. Importance to Living Things • Water can provide shape and form to a living thing (hydrostatic skeleton). For some organisms a hydrostatic skeleton may facilitate movement. • Aquatic organisms may swim.

  40. Low Compressibility

  41. “Stickiness” of Water Molecules • Cohesion • Adhesion • Surface Tension

  42. Cohesion • The binding together of like molecules; the binding together of water molecules to each other via hydrogen bonds.

  43. Adhesion • The binding together of different molecules; the binding of water molecules to other substances via hydrogen bonds.

  44. Cohesion + Adhesion • Capillarity

  45. Importance to Living Things • Cohesion and Adhesion in Water Transport in a Plant

  46. Surface Tension

  47. Importance to Living Things

  48. Viscosity Resistance of a Fluid to Flow

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