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Covalent Bonding

Covalent Bonding. If three elements combine to share electrons, the shapes of the s orbital and p orbitals of the central atom change. We call the new shape an sp 1 hybrid recall, the original s orbital is a spherical shape the original p orbital is a sort of dumbell shape.

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Covalent Bonding

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  1. Covalent Bonding

  2. If three elements combine to share electrons, the shapes of the s orbital and p orbitals of the central atom change. • We call the new shape an sp1 hybrid • recall, the original s orbital is a spherical shape • the original p orbital is a sort of dumbell shape. Hybridization of Central Atom

  3. the new sp1 hybrid looks like a weighted dumbell, • the electrons are being pulled toward the other atom they are being shared with. Hybridization of Central Atom

  4. to make a new shared linear shape – see your hand-out Hybridization of Central Atom

  5. If central atom shares with three other atoms, • it creates an sp2 orbital hybrid, • because it involves changing the shapes of the central atom’s s-orbital • and 2 of its p-orbitals. • the new compound shape is trigonal planar. Hybridization of Central Atom

  6. If the central atom shares with four other atoms, or has a free pair of electrons, we get an sp3 hybrid, • because the s orbital and all 3 p orbitals shapes are hybridized. • This creates a tetrahedral shape of the molecule. Hybridization of Central Atom

  7. P 104 in text book • Use full name for first element and • add “ide” to second (just like you do for ionic formulas) • BUT…unlike for ionic formulas… • Prefixes are used to denote how many of each atom the prefix is in front of Naming of covalent compoundsNon-metals

  8. mono = 1 • di = 2, ex: CO2 = carbon dioxide • Notice in above example that “mono” is not used in front of the carbon. “Mono” is implied in front of the first element. • Tri = 3, ex: BF3 = boron trifluoride Naming Covalent Compounds

  9. tetra = 4 • penta = 5 • hexa = 6 • hepta = 7 • octa = 8 • try naming: N2O5 • dinitrogenpentoxide • notice that we drop the “a” ending of penta when the next word starts with a vowel. • This is the case for all endings with vowels, except di, as in dioxide, and tri, as in trioxide. Naming Covalent Compounds

  10. Text reference: p 113 – 114 • Acids – substances that release H+ ions (protons) when dissolved in water. • First element is always hydrogen • 2 types: • contain oxygen or • don’t contain oxygen Naming Acids

  11. Prefix “hydro” • Suffix “ic” • “Acid” at end • Ex: HCl = hydrochloric acid • You try: HCN • hydrocyanic acid • H2S • hydrosulfuric acid Naming Acids not Containing Oxygen

  12. 2 types of oxyanions: • oxyanion ends in “ate” • ex: sulfate, fluorate • oxyanion ends in “ite” • ex: sulfite, fluorite Naming Acids whose anions contain oxygen (oxyanions)

  13. Acids whose oxyanions end with “ate”: • use root name of oxyanion + “ic” • then add “acid” • think – “I ate that acid … ic!” • H2SO4 • SO42- = sulfate • sulfuric acid • you try: H3PO4 • phosphoric acid • HC2H3O2 • acetic acid Naming Acids With “ate” Oxyanions

  14. Acids whose oxyanions end with “ite”: • use root name of oxyanion + “ous” • then add “acid” • ex: H2SO3 • SO32- = sulfite • sulfurous acid • You try: HNO2 • nitrous acid • HClO • hypochlorous acid Naming Acids With “ite” Oxyanions

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