The Central Nervous System and Behavior

1. The Central Nervous System and Behavior

2. Anatomy and Physiology of the CNS • Synaptic Connections • Nörotransmitters

4. electron microscopic image

6. The CNS Briefly • Sensory input • Process • Response

7. Stimulation to behavior • Many processes occur in the CNS during the period from perception (input) to behavior (output) • Brain receive and manipulate the input and produce the output (motor, thought,…) • Perception systems neutralize their activity and get ready for new stimulations

8. Perception-Output

9. Sensation • An energy in the environment (sound, pressure, energy) may stimulate the involved perceptive organ, and nerves of this organ carry the information to the CNS, and the primary cortices of the perception modality process the stimulus… this is called ‘sense’

10. Perception • Primary perception cortex receives and process the stimulus • Association cortices of the perception modality bind the primary cortex and other parts of the brain in order to further (cognitive) process the input • An input can be called as perception when it turn to a meaningful experience

11. Behavior • The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is believed to be the executive centre of the brain and it is strongly suggested that the PFC decides on the output or response • If it is a motor output, movement related premotor regions become active and the behavioral response is produced by muscles, under the control of premotor regions

12. Organization of the Nervous System

13. Organization of the Brain • Hierarchical organization • Centers of respiration, circulation, hunger, thirst or temperature are located on the brain stem • Lower brain structures contain centers that control principal vital functions • The neocortex and higher brain structures contain centers of higher brain functions that only developed species have

14. Regions of the Central Nervous System • Medulla spinalis • Brain Stem • Cerebellum • Diensefalon • Cerebral hemispheres

15. Spinal Cord • Spinal cord carry the information between peripheral nervous system and the CNS.

16. Brain StemMedulla oblongata, pons, midbrain(mesencephalon) • Motor and sensory innervations of head, neck and face • Audition, vestibular, taste,.. Perception systems send their neurons through the CNS via brain stem • Parasymphatic reflexes are produced by ganglions in BS • The reticular formation located in the BS, controls vigilance

17. Reticular activator system Sympatetic tonus vigilance

18. Cerebellum • Fine tuning for movements • Balance • Stability of the body • Motor coordination • Information processing

19. Diensefalon • Midbrain • Thalamus • Hypothalamus These are the structures of homeostazis (help the organism to adapt the environment) Thalamus is the gate of all perceptions except smelling

20. Thalamus • Gate of sensory systems • Integration of sensory stimulus • Integration of motor movements

21. Hypothalamus Subcortical control over: • Endocrine glands and hormonal metabolism • Immune system • Autonomous nervous system

22. Hypothalamus • Temperature • Autonomous nerve system control on perception • Hunger • Thirst • Cirkadian rhythm • Management of autocrine systems • Sexual maturity

23. Limbic system Motivation, emotional behavior, learning, memory Hypocampus amigdala Mamillary body Cingulate gyrus OFC, vmPFC

24. Basal Ganglia • Controls movement • Participate in cognitive functions like skill learning • Receive input from almost all cerebral cortex, project only to frontal lobe via thalamus

25. Cerebral cortex It is believed that complex behavior occur in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex White matter include connections between different areas.. It is white, because of the myelin of the axons. Gyri and sulci provide a bigger cortical surface

26. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex • Processing of the sensory input • Thought • Voluntary movement • Language functions • Logical thinking • Memory

28. Frontal lobe • Planning • Reasoning • Speaking • Voluntary control of the movements • Attention • Abstract thinking, productive thinking • Decision making • Personality

29. Temporal lobe • Audition • Musical abilities • Memory • Emotional processing

30. Parietal lobe • Perceiving pressure, heat • Body image and perception of the body • Pain • Perception of depth

31. Occipital lobe • Processing of visual information • Reading

32. Hemispheres • Two hemispheres • Logical thinking, maths, analytic thought and semantic functions are executed in the left • Abstract thinking, emotional processing and arts are in the responsibility of the right hemisphere • All functions of the body half (left or right half) are controlled by the opposite hemisphere

33. Neuron • Kendisine gelen uyarıya hücre zarı üzerinde bulunan elektriksel potansiyel farkında hızlı değişiklik ile 'yanıt' verme özelliği nedeniyle “iletkendir” • Kendisine gelen bilgiyle, hücrenin davranış özelliğini değiştirebildiğinden “plastik”tir

34. The Neuron • Soma (body) • Dendrites • Axon • Presynapticend

35. The Neuron

36. Synapse • Action potential is delivered to the other cell by neurotransmitters in the synapse

37. Action Potential • Transmission of an action potential follow the axon through the presynaptic end

38. Presynapticend • Action potential makes the vesicles discharge of their neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleft

39. Neurotransmitter • Neurotransmitters transform chemical signals to electrical signals by changing ion balance • There is a negative electrical gradient between interior and exterior parts of the cell (approximately -90 milivolts)

40. Synaptictransmission

41. postsynapse presynapse

42. Axodendritic Synapse Axosomatic Synapse Axoaxonic Synapse

44. Pathways and Networks • Cells with same kind of neurotransmitters in pathways form specific networks that are related to particular functions in the CNS • Pathways dedicated to specific neurotransmitters form connections between different brain regions

45. NT pathways

47. DOPAMINE NOREPINEPHRINE ATTENTION MOTIVATION PLEASURE REWARD ALERTNESS ENERGY MOOD ANXIETY OBSESSIONS ANDCOMPULSIONS SEROTONIN Stahl. Essential Psychopharmacology. 1996 Clinical correlates of neurotransmitter regulation of mood, cognition, and behavior

48. DOPAMINE • Functions • Hedonia and reward systems • Consolidation • Motivation • Learning • Attention • Working memory • Novelty seeking • Motor skill training • Dysfunction • Lack of hedonia • Decrease of motivation • Apathy • Decreased attention • Cognitive slowing • Psychosis • Psychomotor activation

49. Noradrenaline(NA) • Function • Vigilance • Awareness • Energy • Attention, concentration • Alarm system • Stres responses • Dysfunction • Letargy • Letargy or stupor • Attentional deficits • Difficulty in concentration • Slowed information processing • Depressed mood • Psychomotor slowing • Fatigue • Tremor • Tachicardia

50. Serotonin (5-HT) • Olgunlaşma, akılcı davranış • Ağrı algısı • Uyku-uyanıklık • Cinsel etkinlik • Stres tepkileri • Ön pitüiter hormonların düzenlenmesi • İştah düzenlenmesi • Beden ısısı düzenlenmesi