The Paradoxical Era: 1968 - 1980

1. The Paradoxical Era: 1968 - 1980 Sarah Brace Kyle Brown Allison Gorey

2. The Paradoxical Era Paradoxical: not being the normal or usual kind A situation involving apparently contradictory elements.

3. The Great Society The goal of the Democratic party under the leadership of President Lyndon B. Johnson. Purpose was to enact domestic programs that would : improve education provide medical care for the aged and eliminate poverty.

4. The Great Society Cont�d. The Great Society program made significant contributions to the protection of civil rights and the expansion of social programs. ALTHOUGH, critics increasingly complained that the antipoverty programs were ineffective and wasteful. The economic and political costs of the escalation of the Vietnam War as well as the costs of these programs themselves, soon took over Johnson�s domestic initiatives.

5. �Cont�d. The Paradoxical Era is a spin off, of the Great Society program

7. Problems this time Period had: Family Assistance Plan Family Planning and Population Research Act Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) Food Stamp Program Supplement Security Income (SSI)

8. Con�t: Problems this time Period had Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) Row vs. Wade Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act Education for All Handicapped Children Act Welfare program

9. Con�t: of Problems of the era Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act Mental Health Systems Act

10. Family Assistance Plan(FAP) In August of 1969, President Nixon revamp the Nation�s welfare program by establishing a Family Assistance Plan to replace the Aid to Families with Dependent Children and AFDC-U programs. The plan was to provide assistance to all families who fell beneath a federally prescribed minimum income. The (FAP) provided for all intact families a nationwide guaranteed income that was higher than prevailing welfare standards in many Southern states.

11. Family Planning and Population Research Act of 1970. Title X of the Public Health Service Act was signed into law by President Nixon in 1970 Title X has been the nation's major program to reduce unintended pregnancy by providing contraceptive and related reproductive health care services to low-income women. Title X is the only federal program dedicated solely to funding family planning and related reproductive health care services. Within ten years the Act had helped. 4 million low-income women. 1.3 million teenagers.

12. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) OSHA's mission is to ensure safe and healthful workplaces in America. Since the agency was created in 1971. OSHA's efforts to protect workers' safety and health are built on the foundation of a strong, fair, and effective enforcement program. OSHA seeks to assist the majority of employers who want to do the right thing while focusing its enforcement resources on sites in high hazard industries especially those with high injury and illness rates.

13. Food Stamp Program The current program structure was implemented in 1977 with a goal of alleviating hunger and malnutrition by permitting low-income households to obtain a more nutritious diet through normal channels of trade. The program provides monthly coupons to eligible low-income families which can be used to purchase food. Eligibility for the Food Stamp Program is based on financial and non-financial factors. The application process includes completing and filing an application form, being interviewed, and verifying facts crucial to determining eligibility.

14. Supplemental Security Income(SSI) SSI is short for Supplemental Security Income. It pays monthly benefits to people who are age 65 or older, or blind or have a disability and who don't own much or have a lot of income. SSI isn't just for adults. Monthly benefits can go to disabled and blind children, too. To get SSI, you must be age 65 or older or blind or disabled. The amount of income you can have each month and still get SSI depends partly on where you live.

15. Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) (CETA), U.S. government program designed to assist economically disadvantaged, unemployed, or underemployed persons. Enacted in 1973, CETA provided block grants to state and local governments to support public and private job training and such youth programs as the Job Corps and Summer Youth Employment. Program initiatives and services included a new Title VII emphasizing private sector participation in employment and training programs, and new special programs and services for segments of the labor force facing particular disadvantages in the labor market, such as displaced homemakers and middle-aged and older workers experiencing severe problems in obtaining employment.

16. Row vs. WadeDecided January 22, 1973 There seems to be a widespread perception that the Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade (1973) only permits abortions up to 24 weeks . Justice Harry Blackmun divided pregnancy into three trimesters. He ruled that aside from normal procedural guidelines (e.g., an abortion must be safely performed by a licensed physician). A state has no right to restrict abortion in the first six months of pregnancy. Thus a woman could have an abortion during the first two trimesters for any reason she deemed fit, whether it be an unplanned pregnancy, gender selection, convenience, or rape. In the last trimester the state has a right, although not an obligation, to restrict abortions to only those cases in which the mother's health is jeopardized. In sum, Roe v. Wade does not prevent a state from allowing unrestricted abortion for the entire nine months of pregnancy if it so chooses.

17. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) of 1974 provides the major source of federal funding to improve states' juvenile justice systems. JJDPA was developed with a broad consensus that children should not have contact with adults in jails and other institutional settings and that status offenders should not be placed in secure detention. JJDPA also assists state and local governments and private nonprofit agencies in supporting and initiating programs that prevent and treat juvenile delinquency. The law provides grants to states and local communities to develop effective education, training, research, prevention, diversion, treatment, and rehabilitation programs to improve the juvenile justice system and prevent juvenile delinquency. 

18. Education for All Handicapped Children Act EHA guaranteed children with disabilities ages 3-21 years a free and appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment, usually the local school system EHA mandated that all special education services be documented in an individualized education program (IEP). Parent involvement was included to the extent that they would be notified of findings, involved in decision making, and provided a system for appeal if unsatisfied with the services.

19. Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 It establish programs and made procedural reforms to serve children in their own homes, prevent out-of-home placement, and facilitate family reunification following placement. The Act also transferred federal foster care funding from IV-A to a new Title IV-E of the Social Security Act and provided funds to help States pay adoption expenses for children whose special needs make adoption difficult. While the law required reasonable efforts to preserve and reunify families, it did not include a specific requirement for placing a child permanently in an adoptive or other permanent home.

20. Mental Health Systems Actof 1980 Rosalyn Carter, wife of the president, made mental health her major domestic issue and assumed an important role in establishing a Presidential Commission on Mental Health. In 1978, this commission issued a four-volume report that analyzed many program, policy, and financing issues in the mental-health system. The report cited the inadequate community services for person with chronic and sever mental problems in community settings, and the lack of services for elderly and adolescent populations. The Act did not provide centers with sufficient funds to implement the new services that it mandated

21. Notable Individuals of the Paradoxical Era George Alvin Wiley (1931 � 1973) Marian Wright Edelman (1939 - ) President Gerald Ford President Jimmy Carter

22. George Alvin Wiley (1931 � 1973) Best remembered for creating the first national organization for welfare recipients. 1959 - interested in civil rights and joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Fought to eliminate racial discrimination in the educational setting.

23. George Wiley Cont�d. Instrumental in organizing the Syracuse chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality or CORE. To expose segregation in the public school system and to protest discrimination against people of color in employment. Offered the position of associate national director of CORE and brought the organization to new levels.

24. George Wiley Cont�d. 1966 � resigned from CORE disappointed and devoted his life to crusading for the poor. Wiley founded the Poverty-Rights Action Center, or P/RAC same year. Served as a vehicle to organize the welfare poor.

25. George Wiley Cont�d. June 30, 1966 P/RAC led marches on the Ohio state capital to pressure the legislature to increase welfare benefits to the minimum level mandated by the state for health and decency. Led to the creation of the National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO) in 1967, Wiley became the executive director. NWRO - advocate for the poor in court, challenged welfare laws. Appeared before congressional committees to promote welfare reform.

26. George Wiley Cont�d. By 1970 NWRO and welfare rights movement faced intense public opposition. 1972 � Wiley resigned from the organization he was instrumental in creating. After NWRO, Wiley founded the Movement for Economic Justice � Organized not only the welfare poor, but all of the poor in America. Cut Short by George Wiley�s tragic death in 1973.

27. Marian Wright Edelman Civil rights activist, lawyer, children�s rights crusader, organization founder. Spelman College in Atlanta, GA. Senior year Marian became active in the civil rights movement. Before her graduation in 1960, she would be arrested with 14 others for protesting civil rights abuses in the South.

28. Marian Wright Edelman By 1964 she was one of the first two NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund interns. Marian Edelman became the first African American woman to pass the bar in Mississippi, and in addition headed the NAACP in Mississippi from 1964 -1968.

29. Marian Wright Edelman In order to improve the civil rights situation in the South, she would have to work on reforming federal civil rights policy. 1968 Marian launched the Washington Research Project Learned how to effect positive changes in the law for the benefit of the poor Edelman founded the Children�s Defense Fund (CDF) in 1973 Provided systematic and long-term assistance to children and teens to ensure that their needs are an important matter of public policy.

30. Marian Wright Edelman Some of the major issues the CDF has brought to the attention of the American public: Teen pregnancy Child care situation Child welfare and metal health Family support systems

31. The Brief Reign of Gerald Ford - 1974 -1976 Political conservative who criticized the Great Society Major policy was the presidential veto, used frequently to confuse legislation and spending increases proposed by Congress.

32. Gerald Ford Finally realized that increases in social spending were necessary to counter the deep recession of 1975. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act passed in 1975 Provided federal subsidies to schools so that physically and mentally disabled children could be placed into normal classes. Inadequate funding.

33. Jimmy Carter1976 -1980 Inherited a bleak economic situation Deficit from Ford, oil Often failed to communicate with legislators. Also failed to develop alliances with the groups and legislatures who would normally assisted a Democratic president.

34. Jimmy Carter 1977 Carter proposed to consolidate AFDC, Food Stamps, and SSI so as to provide a national minimum income for families, individual and the elderly, and with that he proposed the creation of 1.4 million public service jobs for recipients. Welfare reform was defeated in the Senate in 1978. Carter�s conservatism curbed his support for various measures to help children but he did get the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 to pass which provided federal subsidies to families that adopted children.

35. Jimmy Carter Carter was able to increase Medicaid programs to monitor and treat low-income children and to help pregnant women- but compliance inadequate The rights of persons with disabilities were enhanced during the Carter administration, though only after intense pressure from certain interest groups. The SSI program grew at a fantastic pace during the mid 1970�s Carter placed Medicare and Medicaid under a single office known as the Health Care and Finance Administration

36. Jimmy Carter Carter made drastic cuts in social programs. After just 2 years Carter had the worst popularity rating of any president in recent American History and was easily beat by Republican Ronald Reagan in 1980.

38. The Out groups of the Period Women African Americans Gays and Lesbians Native Americans Elderly, disabled, and mentally Ill Were overtly and covertly discriminated against in society

39. Richard Nixon and Welfare Reform: first term Floating Coalition strategy: a coalition that supported some liberal Republicans, moderate Republicans who were loyal to the president, as well as some Democratic liberals and moderates who placed their ideology before the president Political outbidding strategy: endorsed social reforms that were already initiated by democrats but offered expansive amendments to them Major period of reform due to the programs developed by the great society Social spending increased during Nixon�s term by $54 billion during first term Sought reforms that provided jobs and income Expanded policy roles of local governments and used private market mechanisms rather than direct government provisions �hard benefits� Relied on economic surpluses after Vietnam War

40. Two policies that were not passed Proposal for National Health Insurance Proposal to reform Welfare Program � Family Assistance Program (FAP) Concessions to AFDC: provision of income Work incentives Public service jobs Extended benefits to many blue collar and white collar families that were intact Working (but poor) eligible, assistance to all families who fell below poverty line Contained large day care program

41. Criticisms of FAP: Recipients would loose eligibility for Medicaid, public housing, and food stamps as well as welfare benefits and earnings because of higher incomes Jeopardize incentives to work Trade unions only wanted to pay minimum wage

42. Reforms Revised and Enacted under Nixon Old Age Assistance Program � 1971 aid to the blind and aid to the disabled with SSI Spared stigmatism of going to welfare office Help elderly Helped mental D/O persons Included Vietnam Vets Criticisms: Not entitled to food stamps Unequal distribution of funds in states Definitions for mental and physical D/O were unclear

43. Revision of Food Stamp Act Federalized food Est. national eligibility standards Increased benefits to families with no earned income as well as larger families Now used by a large number of �working poor� (10.4 million to 19.4 million in 1980) Revenue Sharing � giving federal funds directly to local units of government with few strings attached so local offices can decide how they wish to allocate funds Local Fiscal Assistance Act of 1972 Comprehensive Employment and training Act of 1973 Community Development Act of 1974 (CDBG) Community Development Block Grant portion of Housing

44. Nixon Created Title XX of SSA Money for SSA was being used for things like mental health, public education, and highway development�.miss used Now a prescribed formula to allocate funds * First time Gov�t had officially committed itself to funding a variety of social services to people who were near or under poverty line

45. Spending on Military decreased due to the aftermath of the Vietnam War American Welfare consumed 45% of the federal budget as compared to 20% in 1960 Yet, Nixon attacked these programs as being ineffective and wasteful

46. Civil Rights and Nixon 1960�s was a time of Civil Rights Movement, yet Nixon was not very progressive Won southern states in his election of 1968 and wished to retain their appeal Did not support the desegregation of southern schools Proposed constitutional amendment to �busing� Used code words when referring to the out groups? �Silent majority of law abiding citizens� �White Black Lash� � resentfulness demonstrated towards African Americans who they believed were receiving unwarranted or disproportionate benefits from federal programs Segregation of African Americans into urban ghettos Expansion of African Americans into under class Little education Dependent on many social welfare programs

47. Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972- Gave equal employment opportunities to every individual and gave the commissioner power to use court rulings to enforce its orders Included Women in Affirmative Action Developed Philadelphia Plan- Required building contractors that obtain federal contractors to institute affirmative action to all federal contracting jobs Police, Postal, Firefighters, etc.

48. The Elderly and Disabled (Mentally and Physically) Rehabilitation Act of 1973 � help persons with disabilities from discrimination Buildings wheel chair accessible, public transportation, and jobs Also funds to assist students with disabilities in public schools under education for All Handicapped Act of 1975

49. Health and Well-Being Reform Revision of Medicare 1973 � extended coverage to non-elderly persons with kidney disease Health Maintenance Act of 1973 � medical organizations funded by annual payments rather than traditional fee for services payments Family Planning and Population Research Act of 1970 4 million low income women and 1.3 teenagers obtained family planning services by 1980 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act of 1974 � resources to local juvenile detentions to help runaways and truants who had been previously stigmatized by detention services Child Abuse Prevention Act of 1974 � research funds to universities and other projects to develop interventions

50. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA)� oversaw safety standards in Industry when toxic chemicals and new technology warranted such an agency and is still around today Earn Income Tax Credit � workers who earned less than $41,000 were given a tax credit equivalent to 10% of earnings

51. Nixon Round 2: His Demise  Went from a very progressive social reformer to a conservative stance on reform Faced with a recession, trade deficits, and inflation ? solution was to cut social spending Sought major reductions in federal spending of neighborhood health centers, community action programs, and community mental-health centers Head Start was a program that was saved because of its political popularity, and still exists today Led to stagflation � high unemployment and inflation Led many Americans to fear that African Americans women, and others would take their job security away Many Americans also believed that the only way to decrease the rate of inflation was to cut social spending

52. Nixon became corrupt as the pressures placed upon him became to great Manipulated civil service system to place into office conservative persons Impounded funds that had already been appropriated to social programs, proposed major decrease in funds of major programs, and demanded reduction in federal work force Nixon Resigns

53. Watergate Scandal of 1972 Nixon and his colleagues allegedly broke into the Watergate Hotel during the Democratic headquarter campaign Was investigated by the Justice Department and by Congress Implicated presidential aides , cabinet officials, and Nixon himself Congress on the verge of impeaching Nixon Nixon Resigned: only president to resign � 1974 Succeeded by Gerald Ford his vice president