Chapter 13 Test Review

1. Chapter 13 Test Review

2. List the organs and structures for the correct pathway of oxygen (air) to the lungs. • Nose/mouth • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchial tree (Bronchi, bronchioles) • Lungs/ alveolar sacs (alveoli)

3. What is the inflammation of the nasal cavity? • Sinusitis – is an inflammation of the nasal cavity and the surrounding sinuses.

4. What is the function of the mucus membranes? • Mucous lining are used to filter the air • Moistens and warms the air; area is vascular which helps to warm • Helps to filter air, and rid bacteria etc

5. Removal of the larynx would result in what? • The individual would not be able to speak • Voice production- carried out by the vocal cords • An increase tension will raise the pitch • More air through increased vibrations will make the voice louder • Male vocal cords are usually thicker which makes them vibrate slower = deeper voice

6. Define apnea, hyperpnea and hypoxia. • Apnea- is the cessation (stopping) of breathing. • Hyperpnea- deep and more vigorous breathing, but with unchanged respiratory rate, as during exercise. • Hypoxia- condition in which inadequate oxygen is available to tissue, may result in infarction (tissue death)

7. Describe the function of the epiglottis. • Directs food and air into their proper place • Prevents the “breathing in” of food into the lower respiratory passages. • May not work in comatose people

8. What is the molecule (structure) produced by the alveoli to reduce surface tension? • Surfactant- is the molecule that is produced by the alveoli that reduces surface tension, keeping the alveoli from collapsing

9. What respiration factors occur as a person gets older? • The lungs may lose elasticity and lung compliance. • Vital capacity may decrease • Lungs may become more susceptible to infections

10. What condition is characterized by fibrosis of the lungs and increased size of the alveoli? • Emphysema- is a condition characterized by fibrosis of the lungs and increased size of the alveoli, and loss of elasticity of the lungs etc.

11. What is the typical (average) respiration of adults and infants? • Adults- 12-18 breaths per minute • Newborn infants- 40-80 breaths per minute • Infants- 30 breaths per minute • 5 years – 25 breaths per minute

12. List the sequence of structures during exhalation. • Lungs/ alveolar sacs (alveoli) • Bronchial tree (Bronchi, bronchioles) • Trachea • Larynx • Pharynx • Nose/mouth

13. How many lobes does each lung have? • Right lung has 3 lobes • Left lung has 2 lobes • The lungs has its own blood supply; doesn’t use the blood it is oxygenating

14. What is the major function of the alveoli? • Contains alveoli for an area for gas exchange • Very thin walls; so the exchange can take place; through simple diffusion • Surrounded by a large number of capillaries (for exchange to occur) • Major function is to provide a greater surface area for gas exchange

15. What structure is referred to as the throat? The windpipe? • Pharynx (aka the throat) • Joint passageway for food and air • The superior part is only for air • Inferior area has a thick lining because of increased friction and chemical exposure • Tonsils are located here • They help in our immune system • Helps to filter air, and rid bacteria etc.

16. What structure is referred to as the throat? The windpipe? • Trachea (windpipe) • Made of cartilage for flexibility and support • Mucous lining and cilia are used to filter the air • Smoking deadens this cilia, lowering their filtering ability = more dust etc. enter the lungs = cough

17. Study ,know memorize, and be able to label the diagrams on the worksheets 541 & 547