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TimeLine of Toffler’s Waves

TimeLine of Toffler’s Waves. By Na- A jele Williams-Buffonge. Time Line of the Waves . Agricultural Era 8000 b.c - 1750 . This phase took about a 1000 years to phase out.

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TimeLine of Toffler’s Waves

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  1. TimeLine of Toffler’s Waves By Na-Ajele Williams-Buffonge

  2. Time Line of the Waves

  3. Agricultural Era 8000 b.c- 1750 • This phase took about a 1000 years to phase out. • Today’s society no longer emphasises on the agriculture revolution. However, a few tribal population such as New Guinea, and South America still practices this (Toffler,1980,p 13). • The possession of land equated to power, structure of family unit, culture, life, politics and the basis of economy (Toffler 1980,p. 21). • Community produced their desired food and the economy was decentralized(Toffler,1980,p. 21). • Family unit was huge and was required to work on the land. • Education was limited and the communication used was the oral tradition.

  4. Industrial Age 1750-1955 • This is a major era. This is the transition from producing food to making and selling everything. • The era facilitated in constructing buildings, mills, railroads and the construction of plants to make cars. It was a mechanical era and the emphasis was placed on constructions, factories, and assembly line(Toffler,1980,p.24). • This era required families to be smaller and be able to mobile(Toffler,1980,p.25) • School was not conducted by priests , children now have to go school and learn how to read, write, and math. • Families change from producing food themselves to the concept of sale, barter, and exchange (Toffler, 1980,p.39). • Communication stem from oral and written. • Innovations in this era are the typewriter, telephone, and transportation

  5. Informational Era (1955-2006) • A period that is still ongoing. • It moves from industrial work to the age of computers and electronic community. • It can be seen as the media age. • Family no longer have to be moving all over the place. A nuclear family is not the only family unit that is accepted. Single family is now accepted. • Embraces new literacies.

  6. 4th Wave ????Communication Technology (2007-2017) • We are in the 4th wave. • Communication technology is the next wave. • Embraces technology and new literacies. • It supports all family units. • Embraces computers and the internet. • This period is driven by information technology(cell phones, IPod, media. • Changes how education is conducted. Media, and internet are embraced. • New Literacies skills.

  7. Strand 2- Technology • Learning about the Technological Decades that made us what we are today.

  8. 1900 - 1909 Technological Timeline • 1900- The invention of the first Brownie Camera. This period allowed to take pictures. This was the first black box that captured images that could be used for journalism. • 1901 Invention of Shavers. King Camp Gillet was a salesman who traveled within Wisconsin. He risked shaving himself of the new double edge shaver. By 1904 he sold of “90,000” razors (Bellis,2009). • 1901- the discovery of the vacuum cleaner by Hubert Booth. This discovery would have been a house cleaners dream to assist with cleaning(Bellis, 2009). • 1902- Air conditioning invention. Willis Carrier design the first air condition unit that could control the humidity. Today millions of offices are kept cool and can’t work without this wonderful invention (Bellis,2009). • 1903- Airplane flight. Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright discover the ability to travel from one distance to another in a shorter distance of time. This impacted the world for long journey were done by boats which took weeks and possible months. Through the transportation of plane these journeys took hours (Bellis,2009). • 1908-Henry Ford introduces the concept of mass production through the introduction of the Model T automobile. This assisted and advance manufacturing for it is a concept we still use today.

  9. 1910 - 1919 • 1910- The invention of motion pictures with sound which was a huge change from silent films. Inventor is Thomas Edison. • 1911- Charles Kettening developed the electrical cash register. The device increased gasoline car. No longer needed to be started by crank shaft(Bellis,2009). • 1914- One of the main ways of dying in fires is smoke. During World War the discovery of the gas mask was invented by a man named Morgan. It was used by firefighter to assist them in putting out fires • 1916- The invention of the Radio tuner so that listeners can listen to various station. This tool was used in ww1 to bring about information and propaganda (Bellis,2009). • 1918- The Superheterodyneradio tuner was another invented by Edwin Armstrong. This was just the beginning for dissemination music, messages, across the airwaves (Bellis,2009).

  10. 1920 - 1929 • In 1923- the invention of the traffic signal was discovered by GarettMorgan(Bellis,2009). • 1923- The discovery of being able to freeze food and sell it frozen came about by Clarence Birdseye. This has a huge impact on people today for many of us go to the supermarket and grab and go (Bellis,2009). • 1925- The invention of the mechanical television was invented by John LogieBaird (Bellis,2009). • 1928- Discovery of Antibiotics/Penicillin Made. This medicine helps to fight infections that derives through sickness. Invented by Alexander Fleming (Bellis,2009).

  11. 1940 - 1949 • 1942- John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built the first electronic digital computer. This invention was the start of the introduction into computers (Bellis,2009). • 1945 Vannevar Bush proposes hypertext. HTML- the authoring language used to created documents on the world wide web (Bellis,2009). • 1946 the microwave developed by Percy Spencer. This invention assist parents with the ability to warm food without having to use the stove (Bellis,2009). • 1947- Mobiles phones first invented. However, not sold commercially until 1983.

  12. 1950 - 1959 • 1950- Special thanks goes out to Ralph Schneider who created the Diner’s card. One no longer needed to walk with cash to purchase item. With one swipe purchases were made (Bellis,2009). • 1954- The introduction of birth control pills made the forefront. No longer would woman have to multiple children due to lack of protection. However, the oral contraceptive became a huge controversy especially in the Catholic church where it was believed that women should be fruitful and multiply (Bellis,2009).

  13. 1960 - 1969 • 1962- The invention of the audio cassette. This was a tool to record or place music on. Today this is obsolete and has been replaced by Compact Disk. This invention was made by the Phillips company (Bellis,2009). • 1963- The Video Disk was invention that people can record motion picture on and place in the VCR to seen the pleasurable moments. Today it has been replaced by DVD’s while VCR’s are replaced by DVD player (Bellis,2009). • 1966- The invention of the Compact Disks was developed by James Russel. Though it was not as popular as it is today these disk were used to put music or information on instead of cassettes. However, Compact Disc reached its true potential in the 1980’s (Bellis,2009). • 1968- The invention of the Computer Mouse. The inventor is Douglas Engelbat. The mouse helps computer user to maneuver around the site instead of using a cursor (Bellis,2009).

  14. 1970 - 1979 • 1968- The invention of the Floppy Disc was created by an IBM team lead by Alan Shugart. This storage device was used to save information found on the computer (Bellis,2009). • 1973-The discovery of Ethernet which is the networking of computers through use of software was discovered by Robert Metcalfe and Xerox (Bellis,2009), (Stoy,2010). Reference Stoy,A. (2010). Bright Hub. The invention of the Ethernet. Retrieved from: http://www.brighthub.com/office/collaboration/articles/64534.aspx

  15. 1980 - 1989 • 1984- The creation of the Apple Macintosh computer was invented. Today Apple is one of the leading operator with the Ipad, Ipod, as well as the Iphone (Bellis,2009). • 1985- As the computer world begins to excel Microsoft Programs invented by Microsoft becomes the new interface of PC (Bellis,2009).

  16. 1990 - 1999 • 1990- World Wide Web- the creation of world wide web was created by Tim Berners Lee. This creation changed the world forever. People today are able to do research, collaborate and download information based on this invention (Bellis,2009). • 1993- The Pentium Processor. The Pentium Processor was invented by VinodDham. The processor increased the speed and efficiency of the computer. Today the Pentium is replaced by dual core or Quad Core (Foster,2012). Reference Foster,D. (2012) History of Pentium 4. Retrieved from: http://www.pcfastlane.com/history-of-the-pentium-4/

  17. 2000 - 2009 • 2001- Invention of IPod. Apple released the IPod which is a portal for downloading music on. Today, this gadget is used by people all over the world while they listen to podcasts, videos and music (Bellis,2009). • 2005-Youtube an online video sharing was created by Steve Cen, Chad Hurley and Jared Karim. It provided a platform to watch movies, upload movies or post information (Bellis,2009).

  18. Strand 3 –The nature of Work – Business and Corporate Philosophies • Business & Corporate Developments

  19. 1900 - 1909 • 1903- Ford the leading car manufacturing company is founded. / • 1903- Warner brothers had their first showing of a film at their home in Ohio. Warner brothers today is a well known film producers today. • 1906- Invention of Kelloggs Cornflake, which is very popular cereal today.

  20. 1910 - 1919 • 1913-Ford introduces assembly line. The assembly line is used in many factories today(Bellis,2009). • 1919 General Electric forms radio Corporation of America (RCA).

  21. 1920 - 1929 • 1923- Disney brother forms Disney Brothers Studios which later becomes Disney(Bellis,2009). • 1928-NBC (National Broadcasting Company) is formed. It is part owner with General Electric(Belli,2009).

  22. 1930 - 1939 • 1938- Earl Tupper forms Earl S. Tupper Company which later form into what is known today as Tupperware which is made from plastic(Bellis,2009). • 1939- David Packard and William Hewlett forming Hewlett-Packard. Today this is corporation is the leading computer company(Bellis,2009).

  23. 1940 - 1949 • 1945 The cooperation of the Uhaul was established. The concept of a movable trailer that could move from point A to point B allowed moving to be cheaper for movers and easier to relocate(Bellis,2009). • 1948- Richard and MauriseMc. Donald's open the first fast food restaurant. This chain is the favourites to many adults and children today(Bellis,2009).

  24. 1950 - 1959 • 1958- Bank of America launces first credit card. No longer is it necessary to have cash, money is stored on the card and customers can access their money through the swipe of the card. • 1959- Berry Gordy launches Motown Record Labels. This record label is popular and signed on many famous artist such as the Jackson 5’s. References Cruz,G. (2009). Time Entertainment. A Brief History of Motown. Retrieved from: http://www.creditcards.com/credit-card-news/credit-cards-history-1264.php. Woolsey,B and Gerson, S. (2012). Credit cards.Com. The History of Credit Card. Retrieved from: http://www.creditcards.com/credit-card-news/credit-cards- history-1264.php.

  25. 1960 - 1969 • 1962- The first WalMartstores open in Arkansas. The low prices store began opening up chains all over Canada and United stated. The store became so popular it eventually sent Kmart, Zellers into bankruptcy. • 1969- Children Television Workshop Broadcasting unit broadcast the famous children educational channel such as Sesame Street. This station helped children to learn educational concepts. Reference Walmart Corporate Website (n.d). History Timeline. Retrieved from:http://www.walmartstores.com/AboutUs/7603.aspx .

  26. 1970 - 1979 • 1971- One of the leading Coffee Shop Starbucks came to being. This coffee served many Americans and are found in many of the books stores today. • 1975- Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Microsoft Software and personal computer. References Bellis,M. (2009) The Universal History of Microsoft Windows. Retrieved from: http://inventors.about.com /od/mstartinventions /a/Windows.htm

  27. 1980 - 1989 • 1985-Home Shopping Network - Customers no longer have to go into the store to buy they can now purchases item from home by watching TV using their credit card. Today you can order online (Bellis,2009). • 1984- Apple introduces Macintosh computer • 1985 Windows release their first version of Window 1.0. This changed the computer world forever and set the stage for other Windows releases to come. It is through the platform of windows the MS Dos became obsolete(Bellis.2009).

  28. 1990 - 1999 • 1994- Dream Work production came into being from the partnership of Katzenverg,Spielberg and Geffin (Dream Works, 2010). • 1995-The creation of Jeff Bezos of amazon.com was a genius. You can now order books online, access a digital copy of the book within in minutes at a cheaper price(Webley,2010).

  29. 2000-2010 • 2002- Camera Phone- The introduction of Camera phone took off to the world of mobile with the invention of the Camera Phone. Today people can use the internet, video tape and watch movies on their phone (Bellis,2009). • 2007- The invention of the IPhone form Apple (Bellis,2009). • 2008- Amazon Kindle- the invention of the Kindle a device that stores eBooks so that you can read and store PDF files.

  30. Reference • Information for this section was taken from Encyclopedia of Business (2012).http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/businesses/A-F/Timeline-of- American-Business.html

  31. Strand 4: Education • Education, Learning Theories and Influential Educational Events.

  32. 1900 - 1909 • 1903- Thorndike Law of Effect. This law demonstrates that stimuluses' and responses will become greater or lessen depending if the respondent is content, or discontent with the response. Habits are formed when the response is pleasurable. Behaviour becomes suppressed when the actions are painful. • 1905- The essays of the Theory of Sexuality was written by Sigmund Freud. This essay focused on the importance of having a stable and emotional environment during the stages of childhood(Morrison,2004). • 1905- The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching is founded. The Carnegie Unit is responsible for the equation of seat time as well as the credit system at secondary schools(Morrison,2004). • 1907- The first preschool was established in Rome by Maria Montessori. This preschool has influenced preschool today due to the beliefs that children learn best through manipulation, by themselves and in a prepared environment (Morrison,2004).

  33. 1910 - 1919 • 1912-Werhmer- founder of the Gestalt movement. Publishes papers on the Visual perceptions of the movement. • 1916- The book Educational Psychology: The psychology of learning is published. The books look at how human learns through the connection of stimuli. The author of the book Edward Lee Thorndike. • 1916- The American Federation of Teachers as well as the American Educational Research Association is founded. • 1916- John Dewey a well renown theorist publishes Democracy and Education. This book point out the views of Progressive education. This theory is taught in many education program today. • 1918- Kilpatrick Project Methods – Philosopher of Progressive Education. He systematize projects into education. Projects brings about four things: planning, executing, judging, and meaning/purpose. He believed that “projects was a method and not a complete curriculum theory. He further believed in curriculum organization.

  34. 1910-1919 Cont’s • 1919- The Progressive Education Association is founded. This association goal is to help restructure the present education system in America. • 1919-Dalton Plan- This was first developed by Helen Parkhurst. In this plan students sign a contract with their teacher and work according to phases. Students work according to their on pace. This is a form of individualized instruction. In Toronto, we have two schools that operates in this manner. Teachers become more of guides (Saettler,2004,p.65)

  35. 1920 - 1929 • 1920- John Watson along with his counter part conducted their experiments using classical conditioning with children. This study is referred to as the Little Albert Study. Today this study would not be allowed do to the ethical policies and regulation that we have. • 1925-Tennessee vs. John Scopes also know as the monkey trial. This biology teacher was charged for teaching his students about evolution. • 1929- The theorist Jean Piaget`s published The Child`s Conception of the World. Piaget believes in Cognitive Development and Genetic Epistemology. This theory has influenced educational developmental psychology. Piaget believes cognitive development has four models: sensory-motor, preoperational, concrete operation and formal operation (Saettler,2004,p.74),(Cherry,2012). Reference Cherry,K. (2012) About.ComPsychology.Com. Jean Piaget Biography. Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/piaget.htm McLeod, S. A. (2008). Classical Conditioning. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html

  36. 1930 - 1939 • Court case of Alvarez vs. Board of trustees of the Lemon Grove School districts. This was the first school that won the desegregation case in United States. This case forbids Mexican American children from going into an all white schools. • 1937- Horkheimer introduces what is known as the Critical Theory. This theory is the examination of how society and culture is influenced by knowledge. • 1938-B.F. Skinner- This theory looks a behaviour modifications. The theorist believes the positive behaviour will occur through positive reinforcement and will continue. Bad behaviour will cease or lessen when the person is presented with displeasure or pain (Cherry,K,2012). Reference: Held,D. (1980). Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkeimer to Habermans University of California Press. Retrieved From:http://books.google.com.ag/books?id=ezBYaJAU8A4C&dq=traditional +critical+theory+horkheimer+summary&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s. McLeod, S. A. (2007). B.F. Skinner | Operant Conditioning. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html

  37. 1940 - 1949 • 1946- Kurt Lewin- This theorist develops Experiential Learning theories through testing hypothesis through T-Groups. His theory also works on motivational problems. • 1946- Edgar Dale – He developed the Cone of experience. He quotes that after two weeks we remember only 10% of what we read, but we remember 90% of what we do!”(Percepsys,n.d). He believes that simulations allow the learner to get involved hence, allows them to remember. Reference Cherry,K. (2012). About.Com Psychology. Kurt Lewin Biography. Retrieved from: http://psychology.about.com /od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_lewin.htm Percepsys(n.d). Human capital Management Elearning. Retrieved from: http://www.percepsys.com/images/Percepsys_SIMSTUDIO.pdf.

  38. 1950 - 1959 • 1950- Norman Crowder developed a programmed instruction. This program was like a tutor text that had limited amount of information with multiple choice questions. If the learner answer is incorrect the program is designed to take the learner back to the required information and shows where the mistake occurred (Saettler,2004,p295). • 1953- Burrhus Frederic Skinner’s Science and Human Behaviour is published. This book speaks about behaviourism and what is know as classic operant conditioning. This theory is widely acknowledge in education today. Classic Conditioning focuses on a behaviour which is positive is increased through positive reinforcement. Behaviour that is negative will lessen through reinforcement that is displeasurable. • 1955- The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The classification of Educational Goals: Handbook is published. Blooms divides the cognitive domain into six levels. These includes knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis. Reference Atherton J S (2011) Learning and Teaching; Bloom's taxonomy [On-line: UK] retrieved 14 August 2012 from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/bloomtax.htm Saettler,P. (2004). The Evolution of American Educational Technology. Retrieved from: http://books.google.com.ag/books?id=s1ThX561Z58C&pg=PA295&lpg=PA295&dq=Norman+Crowder&source=bl&ots=yGWzqXhCTe&sig=woGAxKuQ1OzceZ6aubta6S6piqw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9_EqUFepwOgB4r-AGA&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Norman%20Crowder&f=false

  39. 1960 - 1969 • 1962-the theorist Lev Vygotsky’s book Thought and Language is published in English. Vygotsky ideas regarding social aspects of learning is known as the Constructivist Theory. Vygotsky is known for his belief of Zone of Proximal Development. • 1966- Bruner introduces Discovery Learning. This theory has four components. The learner draws from their own experiences and pull from prior knowledge. Students manipulate objects in order to discover through learning. • 1968- Keller Plan- this plan was developed from F.S Keller who is a behavioral psychologist. His plan consists of 5 basic steps. That learners go at their own pace, lectures and demonstration are vehicles of motivation, written words, and teacher and student’s communications are important, and students only advance through mastery(Settler, 2004). References Herzberg, (n.d). The Keller Plan: 25 years of Personal Experience: Retrieved from http://www.stlhe.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/The-Keller-Plan-25-Years-of- Experience1.pdf Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2012, August). Discovery Learning (Bruner) at Learning- Theories.com. Retrieved August 15th, 2012 from http://www.learning- theories.com/discovery-learning-bruner.html

  40. 1970 - 1979 • 1970-Jean Piaget’s book “The Science of Education” published. This book exposed the concept of discovery based teaching. • 1971- Michael Hart who is the founder of Project Guttenberk develops what is known as an Ebook. Ebooks allows you to access books via the internet. Which lessens delivery fees and are much cheaper than regular books. • 1978 Vygotsky: The theory of Social Development was discovered by Vygotsky. The theory argues that social collaboration and interaction leads to positive development. References McLeod, S. A. (2009). Piaget | Cognitive Theory. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html McLeod, S. A. (2007). Vygotsky - Social Development Theory. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html

  41. 1980 - 1989 • 1985- Robert Gagne conditions of learning theory. This theory stimulates that there are different levels that are needed to learn. Each levels need specific levels of instructions. There are five types of instruction needed they are cognitive, motor, attitude and intellectual skills Verbal information as well as cognitive instructions are vital. • 1989- This was the year of the United Nations Convention. In this convention the adoption of the Rights of the child was adopted by the UN Assembly

  42. 1990 - 1999 • 1990- The Rights of the Child came into effect in the year 1990 and was signed by twenty nations. The signage protects the rights of children and prevents them from Exploitation. • 1991- Pavio Dual Coding Theory • His theory is known as an influential cognitive theory. The theories believes that Paivioproposes that “the human mind operates with two distinct classes of mental representation (or “codes”), verbal representations and mental images, and that human memory thus comprises two functionally independent (although interacting) systems or stores, verbal memory and image memory. Imagery potentiates recall of verbal material because when a word evokes an associated image (either spontaneously, or through deliberate effort) two separate but linked memory traces are laid down, one in each of the memory stores”(Thomas, 2007) • 1991 Lave- Situated Learning “Lave argues that learning is situated; that is, as it normally occurs, learning is embedded within activity, context and culture. It is also usually unintentional rather than deliberate. Lave and Wenger (1991) call this a process of “legitimate peripheral participation”(Learning Theories Knowledge base,2012). • 1994-1995 The introduction of the White Boards are introduced into the classroom. This technology has began to replace the blackboard, and teachers no longer have to be messed up from the chalk.

  43. 2000 - 2009 JeroenMerrieboer- Instructional Design • Developed the four component of Instructional Design. Developed the 4c/ID model which focuses on “integration and coordinated performance of specific skills instead of knowledge type, context, delivery media or presentation. • This program design normally is followed by training. David Wiley- Learning Object design and Sequencing Theory. • This theory and is combination of Elaboration Theory, Work model Synthesis, Domain Theory, and the Four Components. Instructional Design Model is also supported by taxonomy and design guidance for students.

  44. References Cherry,k (2012) About.com Psychology. Jean Piaget Biography. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/piaget.htm Cherry,K. (2012). About.com Psychology. Kurt Levin Biography Retrieved from : http://psychology.about.com /od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_lewin.htm Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2012, August). Situated Learning Theory (Lave) at Learning-Theories.com. Retrieved August 13th, 2012 from http://www.learning-theories.com/situated-learning-theory- lave.html McLeod, S. A. (2008). Classical Conditioning. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html Morrison,G. Early Childhood Education Today. Ninth Edition. University of North Texas. Pearson. Wiley,D. (2000). Learning Object Design and Sequencing Theory. Retrieved form. Woolfolk,A. Educational Psychology. Tenth Edition. Boston. Pearson Publishing.

  45. Strand 5: Society and Culture • Understanding how Society and Culture developed who we are today.

  46. 1900-1920 1910- 1920’s • This was a decade for great change within the United States who was considered the World Leader of all time. • Issues that were occurring during this time were poverty, labour issues, child labour problems as well as the escalation of immigration.

  47. 1900-1909 Historical Events • 1900- Progressive Era known as the era for great change. This era was also know for social activism, political reform, as well as and effort to improve the society. Cultural Event and Important Dates • Freud writes the book of interpretations of Dreams. • 1901- Pacassa’s Blue Period • Death of Queen Victoria’s death. • 1905- Einstein’s relativity • Jim Crow Laws which promoted segregation in the national base ball league. Reference http://arthistory.about.com/cs/namespp/a/picasso.htm

  48. 1910-1919 • Labour Union growth • Triangle Shirtwaist factory Fire which killed 145 females. • Introduction of minimum age wage. • America becomes highly industrialized. • Mass production of cars. • Popular culture – Jazz era and Ballroom Decade, rag time and the blues.

  49. 1920-1929 • This era is known as the Roaring twenty’s. • Industrial age. • 1920-Harlem Renaissance era- black artists and writers begin to develop paintings and begin to write. • Introduction of the Charleston • Racial tensions were in place due to migration into America. • 1920-Klu Klux Klan becomes very active with discrimination against non- whites (Kenney,2009). • Technology contributions are- television, radio’s and movies. • 1929-Stock Market Crash- this brought on the great depression which closed down banks. This crash impacted the world. No body believed that the stock market could crash (Rosenbery,2012).

  50. Cont’d 1920-1929 • Formulation of Gangs • First Transatlantic Flights • 1926- Air Flying to Transport mail. • 1913 Federal Segregation promoted government segregation within the work place this movement was promoted by the Wilson administration. Theater/Film radio • First Talking Pictures • Premiere of Broadway • 1927- Introduction of Oscars • Radio Network begins NBC and CBC

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