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Lecture 5

Lecture 5. Biogeography and Zoogeography & Guest Presentation by Dr. Kris Hundertmark. Biogeography = The study of the patterns of distribution of organisms, including both extant and extinct species. Zoogeography = The study of these distributions in animals, including mammals.

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Lecture 5

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  1. Lecture 5 Biogeography and Zoogeography & Guest Presentation by Dr. Kris Hundertmark

  2. Biogeography = The study of the patterns of distribution of organisms, including both extant and extinct species. Zoogeography = The study of these distributions in animals, including mammals

  3. Why are marsupials in only in Australia and the Americas?

  4. Why aren’t non-human primates in North America? Or maybe they are?

  5. How has an individual species distribution changed, and why?

  6. Categories of Biogeography • Historical biogeography – emphasizes the study of changes in species ranges that have taken place over evolutionay time. • Ecological biogeography – spatial investigation of current distributions and seeks to explain that interaction in terms of community-level interactions.

  7. Distribution of Rangifer tarandus CIRCUMBOREAL AND CIRCUMPOLAR

  8. Endemism – restriction of a species range to a circumscribed area. Historical biogeography

  9. Southeast Alaska

  10. Faunal Regions Based on geographic barriers, geological history, and mammal distribution

  11. Plate tectonics & Continental drift

  12. Palearctic Families = 42 Endemics = 0 Most species diversity is in the warm wet areas which the palearctic shares with the Ethiopean and Oriental. Bering land bridge? 50% of the species in P are in Nearctic

  13. Nearctic Families = 37 Endemics = 2 Antilocapridae Aplodontidae

  14. Neotropical Families = 50 Endemics = 22

  15. Ethiopian Families = 52 Endemics = 20

  16. Oriental Families = 50 Endemics = 5 Colugos, tree shrews, hog-nosed bats, gibbons, and tarsiers

  17. Australian Families = 28 Endemics = 20 (71%)

  18. Oceanic Mammals that live on islands remote from continents and those that are fully marine

  19. Abiotic ProcessesContinental Drift

  20. Abiotic ProcessesIce Ages

  21. Abiotic ProcessesLess Severe Climate Change Still Matters • Tipping points – a change of just a few degrees changes everything

  22. Dispersal – can increase species richness Ecological dispersal An individual moving from its natal area to breed elsewhere. Species dispersal (biogeographic term) Passive – hitches a ride Active – species move by there own locomotion Biotic Processes

  23. Biotic processes • Extinction (global) or Extirpation (local) = reduces species richness • Background – incidental loss due to local factors (habitat change, competition, predation). • Mass extinction – catastrophic event

  24. Local extirpations • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9skxcC2MYg • http://www.wolfsongalaska.org/news/Alaska_current_events_205.htm

  25. Ecogeographic Patterns • Island Rule • Rapoport’s Rule • Bergmann’s Rule • Allen’s Rule • Gloger’s Rule • Other Patterns • Latitudinal and Elevation Gradients

  26. The term “RULE” is used in the loosest sense. There are exceptions in every case and these “RULES” often overgeneralize.

  27. Island rules • Small mammals are bigger (insular gigantism) • Larger mammals are smaller (insular dwarfism) • If food is scarce and you're small, for example, getting bigger can help you travel farther for food and survive longer without eating. If food is scarce and you're large, on the other hand, getting smaller can help you survive on less food.

  28. Rapoport’s Rule • Species ranges in mammals tends to increase from the equator to the poles

  29. Bergmann’s Rule • Body size increases with latitude

  30. Allen’s rule • Animals in colder climates have shorter appendages than their close relatives in warmer climates. • Endothermy? • Overgeneralized?

  31. Gloger’s rule • Mammals with darker colored pelage are in more humid environments. • Humidity? • Snow, ice, and sand

  32. Latitudinal • Species diversity decreases with increasing latitude.

  33. Elevation • Decrease in species diversity with increase in elevation.

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