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Legacy of the Civil War

Legacy of the Civil War. http://www.history.com/videos/legacy-of-the-civil-war#legacy-of-the-civil-war. Reconstruction (1865-1876). http://www.history.com/topics/reconstruction/videos#the-failure-of-reconstruction. Key Questions. 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union?.

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Legacy of the Civil War

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  1. Legacy of the Civil War http://www.history.com/videos/legacy-of-the-civil-war#legacy-of-the-civil-war

  2. Reconstruction (1865-1876) http://www.history.com/topics/reconstruction/videos#the-failure-of-reconstruction

  3. Key Questions 1. How do webring the Southback into the Union? 4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process ofReconstruction? 2. How do we rebuild the South after itsdestruction during the war? 3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?

  4. President Lincoln’s Plan • 10% Plan • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) • Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. • He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. • Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. • When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

  5. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). • Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. • Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH) CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)

  6. Jeff Davis Under Arrest

  7. 13th Amendment • Ratified in December, 1865. • Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

  8. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. • Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. • Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats. • “scalawags”…called the Civil War the “rich man’s war” because rich people avoided being drafted to war if they paid the gov’t 300 dollars.

  9. Freedmen’s Bureau School

  10. Freedmen’s Hospitals: Organized by Radical Republicans—Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, African Americans

  11. President Andrew Johnson • Jacksonian Democrat. • Anti-Aristocrat. • White Supremacist. • Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union. “Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

  12. ANDREW JOHNSON ON AFRICAN AMERICANS "He had a vision of America as a white man's government," Annette Gordan-Reed…Law professor . He thought they'd be "not citizens but serfs, totally under the dominion of white people, except white people would not have the capacity to turn them into legal chattel.“ Reed says

  13. Congress Breaks with the President • Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates. • February, 1866  Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill. • March, 1866  Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1st in U. S. history!!

  14. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

  15. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868. • Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. • Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

  16. Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens! 15th Amendment

  17. HOWEVER SOUTHERN STATES FOUND NEW WAYS TO RESTRICT VOTING for AFRICAN AMERICANS!!Take “literacy tests” to vote…TEST A WAS FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS…TEST B WAS FOR WHITE AMERICANSPoll taxes • Test A • 1. Who is the Attorney General of the United States • 2. In the space below, write the word NOISE backward and place a dot over what would be its second letter should it have been written forward. • 3. Give your age in days. • 4. Name one area of authority over state militia reserved exclusively to the states. • Test B • 1. Who was the first president of the United States • 2. Write the name of our state on the line. • 3. How old are you? • 4. Name ONE right you have as a citizen of the U.S.

  18. Blacks in Southern Politics • Core voters were black veterans. • Blacks were politically unprepared….NOT KNOWING POLITICAL TERMS…UNFAMILIAR WITH CONSTITUTION • Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. • The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

  19. Radical Plan for Readmission • Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision…WHY? PROTECTION FROM KKK, VIOLENT ATACKS, LYNCHINGS. • Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. • In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

  20. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Military Reconstruction Act • Southern states must ratify 14th Amendment • Divide the “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

  21. President Johnson’s Impeachment • Johnson fired his secretary of war without Senate approval Stanton in February, 1868. • Johnson put generals in the military districts that were Confederate soldiers. • The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

  22. The Senate Trial • 11 week trial. • Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

  23. Black "Adjustment" in the South

  24. SHARECROPPING

  25. Sharecropping

  26. Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

  27. Black Senate & House Delegates AFRICAN AMERICANS IN CONGRESS: Two were senators: Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce

  28. 15th Amendment • Ratified in 1870. • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. • The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. • Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

  29. The “Invisible Empire of the South”

  30. The Failure of Federal Enforcement • Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. The Enforcement Acts were passed by the United States Congress between 1870 and 1871. They were criminal codes which protected blacks’ right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. The laws also said that if the states failed to act and enforce these laws, the federal government had the right to intervene. These acts were passed following the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. • Was it a • “The Lost Cause.”…Southern states ignored these Acts.

  31. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public facilities andpublic places. • Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. • Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. • No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

  32. JIM CROW LAWS* EXTENSIOINS OF BLACK CODESENFORCED SEGREGATION…SEPARATE SCHOOLS, TROLLEY SEATS…RESTROOMS…DRINKING FOUNTAINS**1960S

  33. The Grant Administration (1868-1876)

  34. Waving the Bloody Shirt! Republican “Southern Strategy”

  35. Grant Administration Scandals • Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. • Grant and cabinet members laundered money. • Whiskey Ring…cabinet took money from whiskey distillers to avoid paying taxes.

  36. And They Say He Wants a Third Term

  37. Booker T. Washington Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to help blacks learn trades “Do not openly challenge segregation”

  38. Fisk University; Ph.D. from Harvard (1st black) Argued that the greatest force for human progress was “the power of the ballot”.

  39. The Abandonment of Reconstruction

  40. 1876 Presidential Tickets

  41. A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877

  42. DISCRIMATION/RACISM/PREJUDICE AFTER RECONSTRUCTION CHINESE IMMIGRANTS: WORKED ON TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD; INDUSTRIES…CONGRESS DECLARED “ALL CHINESE IMMIGRANTS ARE NOT CITIZENS BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT WHITE…THIS APPLY TO JAPANESE IMMIGRANTS TOO”…PASSED THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT…LASTED UNTIL 1942

  43. MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS* FORCED TO TAKE LOW-PAYING JOBS* MANY LYNCHED*

  44. Henry Lowry/Native American Takes Action During Reconstruction…From North Carolina State University http://history.ncsu.edu/projects/cwnc/exhibits/show/henry-berry-lowry/introduction

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