Internet Basic Definitions

1. Internet Basic Definitions Dr. Baker Abdalhaq

2. Internet • The Internet is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, Academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such aselectronic mail, online chat, file transfer,and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web.

3. E-mail • is a store-and-forward method of writing, sending, receiving and saving messages over electronic communication systems.

4. Instant Messaging (IM) • is a form of real-time communication between two or more people based on typed text. The text is conveyed via computers connected over a network such as the Internet.

5. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) • is a form of real-time Internet chat or synchronous conferencing. It is mainly designed for group communication in discussion forums called channels, but also allows one-to-one communication via private message, as well as chat and data transfers via Direct Client-to-Client.

6. File transfer protocol (FTP) • A protocol for file transfer or file transfer protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the transfer of files between two computing endpoints.

7. TELNET (TELecommunication NETwork) • is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area network (LAN) connections. It was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15 and standardized as IETF STD 8, one of the first Internet standards.

8. Usenet • a portmanteau of "user" and "network", is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system. It evolved from the general purpose UUCP architecture of the same name.

9. A newsgroup • is a repository usually within the Usenet system, for messages posted from many users at different locations.

10. The World Wide Web • commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a Web browser, a user views Web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks

11. A Web page • or webpage is a resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can beaccessedthrough a web browser. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other web pages via hypertext links.

12. Website • is a collection ofWeb pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or moreweb servers, usually accessible via theInternet. • A Web page is a document, typically written inHTML, that is almost always accessible viaHTTP, a protocol that transfers information from theWeb serverto display in the user'sWeb browser. • The pages of websites can usually be accessed from a common rootURLcalled thehomepage, and usually reside on the same physical server. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although thehyperlinksbetween them control how the reader perceives theoverall structureand how thetrafficflows between the different parts of the sites.

13. Astaticwebsite • is one that has web pages stored on the server in the same form as the user willview them. They are edited using three broad categories of software: • Text editors. such asNotepadorTextEdit, where the HTML is manipulated directly within the editor program • WYSIWYGeditors. such asMicrosoft FrontPageandAdobe Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), where the site is edited using aGUIinterface and the underlying HTML is generated automatically by the editor software • Template-based editors, such asRapidweaverandiWeb, which allow users to quickly create and upload websites to a web server without having to know anything about HTML, as they just pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in aDTP-like fashion without ever having to see anyHTML code.

14. dynamicwebsite • is one that has frequently changing information or collates information on the hop each time a page is requested. For example, it would call various bits of information from a database and put them together in a pre-defined format to present the reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users in a variety of ways including by readingcookiesrecognizing users' previous history, session variables, server side variables etc., or by using direct interaction (form elements, mouseovers, etc.). A site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user.

15. Domain Name System(DNS) • associates various information withdomain names; most importantly, it serves as the "phone book" for the Internet by translating human-readable computerhostnames, e.g. www.example.com, intoIP addresses, e.g. 208.77.188.166, which networking equipment needs to deliver information. A DNS also stores other information such as the list ofmail serversthat acceptemailfor a given domain. By providing a worldwidekeyword-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of contemporaryInternetuse .

16. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • is anetwork protocolused to transfer data from one computer to another through a network, such as theInternet. • FTP is a file transfer protocol for exchanging and manipulating files over anyTCP-based computer network. A FTP client may connect to a FTP server to manipulate files on that server. As there are many FTP client and server programs available for differentoperating systems, FTP is a popular choice for exchanging files independent of the operating systems involved.

17. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) • is acommunications protocolfor the transfer of information on theintranetand theWorld Wide Web. Its original purpose was to provide a way to publish and retrievehypertextpages over theInternet. • HTTP development was coordinated by theWorld Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and theInternet Engineering Task Force (IETF), culminating in the publication of a series ofRequest for Comments (RFCs), most notablyRFC 2616 (June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use. • HTTP is a request/response standard between aclientand aserver. A client is the end-user, the server is theweb site. The client making an HTTP request - using aweb browser, spider, or other end-user tool - is referred to as theuser agent. The responding server - which stores or createsresourcessuch asHTMLfiles and images - is called theorigin server. In between the user agent and origin server may be several intermediaries, such asproxies, gateways, andtunnels. HTTP is not constrained to usingTCP/IPand its supporting layers, although this is its most popular application on the Internet. Indeed HTTP can be "implemented on top of any other protocol on the Internet, or on other networks. HTTP only presumes a reliable transport; any protocol that provides such guarantees can be used."

18. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) • Typically, an HTTP client initiates a request. It establishes aTransmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection to a particularporton a host (port 80 by default; seeList of TCP and UDP port numbers). An HTTP server listening on that port waits for the client to send a request message. Upon receiving the request, the server sends back a status line, such as "HTTP/1.1 200 OK", and a message of its own, the body of which is perhaps the requested file, an error message, or some other information. • The reason that HTTP usesTCPand notUDPis because much data must be sent for a webpage, and TCP provides transmission control, presents the data in order, and provides error correction. See thedifference between TCP and UDP. • Resourcesto be accessed by HTTP are identified usingUniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) (or, more specifically, Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)) using thehttp: orhttpsURI schemes.