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By Cadet W

String Theory. By Cadet W. What is it?.

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By Cadet W

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  1. String Theory By Cadet W

  2. What is it? • String theory is a theory combining the theory of relativity, created by Albert Einstein and the theory of quantum mechanics, created by Gustav Kirchhoff, Josef Stefan and many others. There is a lot of controversy going on about the theory among the worlds greatest scientists.

  3. QUANTUM OR RELATIVITY? • Quantum mechanics (top) is the study of small things, electrons, quarks, gluons and things of that nature. • General relativity is the study of planets and galaxies, it states space is a kind of fabric everything floats on. • Special relativity is the study of the speed of light and other forces, it explains the Lorenz contraction and time dilation.

  4. The Lorentz contraction is the contracting or shortening of an object as its velocity increases. This can be proven mathematically and is an actual law of physics. Time dilation is time slowing down for an object as it approaches the speed of light this has also been proven and is a law of physics. LORENTZ CONTRACTION AND TIME DILATION

  5. WHATS THE PROBLEM? • The problem is when you add them together you get gibberish, that’s were string theory comes in, it combines both theories to make a sort of super theory that makes sense mathematically. That’s were strings came in.

  6. Family 1 Family 2 Family 3 Force Particle Electron Muon Tau Strong Gluon “ Neutrino “ Neutrino “ Neutrino Electro magnetic Photon Up quark Charm quark Top quark Weak Weak-gauge bosons Down quark Strange quark Bottom quark Gravity Gravitons NO, REALLY WHAT IS IT? • String theory states that all things are made out of miniscule strings either open or closed that vibrate different ways to create different sub-atomic particles and even gravitons, the particles that are supposed to make gravity. The strings are also supposed to make up the fabric of space. These are all subatomic particles all are proven to exist except the graviton

  7. DIMENSIONS • The curious feature of superstrings, is that they can only vibrate in 10 dimensions. This is, in fact, one of the reasons why it can unify the known forces of the universe: in 10 dimensions there is "more room" to accommodate both Einstein's theory of gravity as well as sub-atomic physics. In some sense, previous attempts at unifying the forces of nature failed because a standard four dimensional theory is "too small" to jam all the forces into one mathematical framework. The four dimensional theory being x,y and z axis and the dimension of time.

  8. EXAMPLE To visualize higher dimensions, consider a Japanese tea garden, where carp spend their entire lives swimming on the bottom of a shallow pond. The carp are only vaguely aware of a world beyond the surface. To a carp "scientist," the universe only consists of two dimensions, length and width. There is no such thing as "height." In fact, they are incapable of imagining a third dimension beyond the pond. The word "up" has no meaning for them. (Imagine their distress if we were to suddenly lift them out of their two dimensional universe into "hyperspace," i.e. Our world!)

  9. ANOTHER EXAMPLE If it rains, the surface of their pond becomes rippled. Although the third dimension is beyond their comprehension, they can clearly see the waves traveling on the pond's surface. Likewise, although we earthlings cannot "see" these higher dimensions, we can see their ripples when they vibrate. According to this theory, "light" is nothing but vibrations rippling along the 5th dimension. By adding higher dimensions, we can easily accommodate more and more forces, including the nuclear forces. In a nutshell: the more dimensions we have, the more forces we can accommodate.

  10. CRITICISM • One persistent criticism of this theory is that we do not see these higher dimensions in the laboratory. At present, every event in the universe, from the tiniest sub-atomic decay to exploding galaxies, can be described by 4 numbers (length, width, depth, and time), not 10 numbers. To answer this criticism, many physicists believe (but cannot yet prove) that the universe at the instant of the big bang was in fact fully 10 dimensional. Only after the instant of creation did 6 of the 10 dimensions "curled up" into a ball too tiny to observe.

  11. FURTHER STUDIES • Currently Stephen Hawking and other theoretical physicists are working on making the theory easier to understand mathematically and logically, also attempting to prove that this is the theory maybe by creating a microscope powerful enough to see the strings.

  12. THE END

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