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Big theme in biology: Structure & Function are related!

This article discusses the relationship between structure and function in biology, focusing on the different levels of organization from molecules to organisms. It also compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting their contrasting size and complexity. The article delves into the various organelles and subcellular structures that contribute to cellular functions such as manufacturing, breakdown, energy processing, and support.

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Big theme in biology: Structure & Function are related!

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  1. Big theme in biology: Structure & Function are related! This is true at all levels of organization: molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms.

  2. Note log scale.

  3. Animals Bacteria Plants Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Protists Archaea Fungi

  4. Contrasting the size and complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cell Nucleoidregion TEM 15,000 Colorized TEM 15,000 Nucleus Eukaryotic cell Organelles Fig 4.3A

  5. Comparing sizes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Fig 24.1A. Engulfment of bacteria by macrophage

  6. Complete this Compare/Contrast Frame: Simple Cells Complex Cells

  7. Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments Flagellum Not in mostplant cells Lysosome Centriole Smooth endoplasmicreticulum Nucleus Roughendoplasmicreticulum Ribosomes Golgiapparatus Peroxisome Microtubule Plasma membrane Intermediatefilament Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Microfilament A “typical” animal cell Figure 4.4A

  8. Cell Organelles in Cytoplasm

  9. Complete this Compare/Contrast Frame:

  10. Fig 4.5. The nucleus: the cell’s genetic control center. Nucleus Two membranesof nuclearenvelope Chromatin Nucleolus Pore Roughendoplasmicreticulum Ribosomes

  11. Smooth ER has a variety of functions, eg making lipids.Rough ER makes membranes and proteins. Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclearenvelope Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER TEM 45,000 Figure 4.7 Endoplasmic Reticulum

  12. Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food.

  13. Organization of a “typical” plant cell Roughendoplasmicreticulum Nucleus Ribosomes Smoothendoplasmicreticulum Golgiapparatus Microtubule Centralvacuole Intermediatefilament Cytoskeleton Not inanimalcells Microfilament Chloroplast Cell wall Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Figure 4.4B

  14. Fig 4.14 Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outermembranes TEM 9,750 Granum Intermembranespace Chloroplasts convert light energy to chemical energy (glucose).

  15. Must Know & Challenge Structures

  16. Review Checklist: • Write out the three parts of the CELL THEORY. • Who is Robert Hooke? Why is he important? • Compare & Contrast frame between plant & animal cells. • Compare & Contrast frame between prokaryotic • and eukaryotic cells. • Make a structure & function table for all the cell parts. • Sketch a plant cell, color it in and label all parts. • Sketch an animal cell, color it in and label all parts • Active study! • Know your vocab!

  17. Cellular and sub-cellular levels • Cell membrane has surface area of 1/30 the surface area of period on typical page. • Nucleus has a surface area of 1/10 of cell membrane.

  18. Organelles and Subcellular Structures • Manufacturing • Nucleus, Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus. (Connected through endomembrane system.) • Breakdown: • Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles • Energy Processing: • Chloroplasts, Mitochondria • Support, Movement, and Communication: • Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions

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