Unit 1

1. Unit 1 Life On A Cellular Level

2. Important Cellular Biologists and Their Discoveries Robert Hooke  first person to see cells in cork; named a cell a cell Anton Van Leeuwenhoek  developed the first light microscope; observed microorganisms in pond water Mathias Schleidan  stated that plants are made up of cells Theodor Schwann  stated that animals are made up of cells Rudolph Virchow  all cells come from other cells (life comes from life) Robert Brown  first to see a “dark spot” now called a nucleus

3. Cell Theory • 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells. • An organism may be a single cell, such as an Amoeba or a bacterium. Larger organisms, such as humans, are composed of many cells. • 2) The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms. • In the same way that the basic unit of matter is the atom, the basic unit of life is the cell. • 3) All cells come from pre-existing cells. • Cells come from the reproduction of previously existing cells

4. Two types of cells: Prokaryotic 1) Prokaryotes (before nucleus) Cells that do not have a nucleus Carry out all life processes without a nucleus Have Cell Wall!!! Simple cells (unicellular) and are smaller than eukaryotes Genetic material in Cytoplasm 2 billion years older than euk. Ex. Kingdom Monera  bacteria

5. Eukaryotic Cells (animal cells) 2) Eukaryotes (have nucleus) • Cells that do have a nucleus • More complex than prokaryotes • 10 times larger than prok. • Unicellular and multicellular • Genetic material in nucleus • Ex. all other kingdoms  fungi, protozoa, plants, and animals

6. Them vs. Us –Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

8. Animal Cells Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus ER Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts Centrioles

9. Cell Functions

10. CELL CONCEPT MAP Basic unit of life. All organisms consists of cell Procaryote and eucaryote- 2 types What do you know about the cells? Consists of CELL Cel wall (plant cell) Cell membrane Protoplasm Vacuole (plant cell ) of two parts The fluid mosaic hypothesis- the bilayer of phospholipid molecules with protein molecules in it / over the surface Contains water, nutrients, mineral salts, waste (nitrogenous) substances Made up from cellulose, porous to micro- and macromolecules like sugar and starch Nucleus Cytoplasm contains Consists of Microbodies contained in the cytoplasm, carrying out specific functions for the cell activities Cell organelles Nuclear membrane Nucleoplasma contains Mitocondrion Chloroplast (ingreen plant) Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Body Fluid medium, (containing nucleotides and enzymes) Chromatin substances / chromosomes Generates energy for the cell Ribosome Processing and packaging proteins/ other molecules to form cell secretions Grana Stroma Consists of Rough ER Smooth ER Contains chlorophyll Contains enzymes The site for protein synthesis DNA Protein (histone) With ribosomes No ribosomes

11. Cell Parts and Functions Cell Membrane Protects the cell Lets things in and out of the cell Location: around the cell Nucleus Control center Location: inside the cell, near the center

12. Cell Parts and Functions Nucleolus (Nucleoli) Makes ribosomes Location: inside the nucleus (dark spot) Nuclear Membrane Protects nucleus Lets things in/out of nucleus (pores) Location: around nucleus cell

14. Cell Parts and Functions Mitochondria Makes energy/powerhouse Location: in cytoplasm Golgi Bodies/Apparatus Packages and secretes (gets rid of) waste Location: in cytoplasm

15. Mitochondria

16. GOLGI APPARATUS

17. Cell Parts and Functions Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) Transports materials and sends messages to all parts of the cell Two types: smooth and rough (has ribosomes) Location: attaches from cell membrane to nuclear membrane Rough E.R.

20. Cell Parts and Functions Ribosome Makes proteins Location: in cytoplasm or Attached to E.R. Vacuole Stores food and water Location: in cytoplasm

21. Vacuole

22. Cell Parts and Functions Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes Destroys bacteria, old cell parts… Location: in cytoplasm Centrioles Helps the cell to divide Location: in cytoplasm

24. Cell Parts and Functions Cytoplasm Gel-like substances, holds all Organelles in cell Location: in cell Chromatin/Chromosomes Contains genetic information/traits Location: in nucleus

25. Cell Parts and Functions Cilia Short hair-like projections Used for movement Location: outside of cell Flagella Long whip-like tail Used for movement Location: outside of cell

27. FLAGELLA

28. Cell Structures and Functions Chloroplast Traps suns energy and Makes food Location: in plant cells

29. Cell Wall Cell Wall Protects and supports plant Cells Prevents water loss Cellulose Location: outer layer of plant cells

30. CYTOSKELETON Function: Support structure of cell and transport materials/organelles throughout the cell. The highway of the cell. Made of Microtubules (thin hollow cylinders) and Microfilaments (thin solid cylinders) Location: Inside the cell

31. CYTOSKELETON

32. Cell Structures and Functions Plastids Stores extra food in Plant cells Location: in plant cell

33. Plant vs. Animal Cell http://www.cellsalive.com/

37. Levels of Organization In a multicellular organism: cell, tissues, organs, organ system, that make up an organism Tissue – main types of tissue 1) muscle 2) epithelial 3) nerve 4) connective Organs – many tissues make up an organ Each tissue has a specific function to help an organ work Organ System – 10 organ system in the human body Each level makes the division of labor among those cells possible for life of multicellular organisms

49. DNA • Enzymes • Lysosomes • Ribosomes

50. Lysosomes • Mitochondria • Golgi bodies • Centrioles