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NEM 204 REVIEW OF INTRODUCTORY NEMATOLOGY

NEM 204 REVIEW OF INTRODUCTORY NEMATOLOGY. ESTIMATED LOSSES DUE TO NEMATODES IN CALIFORNIA:. CROP. ESTI- ACRES FARM $ $ LOSS MATED VALUE % LOSS FIELD CROPS 6 1,091,166 2,791,345,185 307,047,970 FRUITS & NUTS 12 1,883,204 4,026,765,267 483,211,832 VEGE-

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NEM 204 REVIEW OF INTRODUCTORY NEMATOLOGY

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  1. NEM 204 REVIEW OF INTRODUCTORY NEMATOLOGY

  2. ESTIMATED LOSSES DUE TO NEMATODES IN CALIFORNIA: CROP ESTI- ACRES FARM $ $ LOSS MATED VALUE % LOSS FIELD CROPS 6 1,091,166 2,791,345,185 307,047,970 FRUITS & NUTS 12 1,883,204 4,026,765,267 483,211,832 VEGE- TABLES 11 6,402,613 2,947,240,705 176,834,442 ORNAMEN- TALS 10 1,185,878,000 118,587,800 TOTAL 1,085,682,045 TOTAL CALIFORNIA CASH FARM VALUE = $16,838,870,235 (NOTE: % LOSS ESTIMATES ARE FROM THE SOCIETY OF NEMATOLOGISTS FOR U.S. AS A WHOLE)

  3. ANNUAL CROPS: MILLIONS OF DOLLARS LOST IN CA IN 1992 FOLLOWING SUSPENSION OF USE OF TELONE II IN 1990 (SRI) WORLDWIDE 5 -12% ANNUAL LOSSES DUE TO PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES (SASSER AND FRECKMAN, 1987) ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE (RKN) Tomatoes 13.4 Cotton 9.8 Sweet potatoes 7.5 Potatoes 0.4 Carrots 15.1 SUGARBEET CYST(SBCN)& (RKN) Broccoli 15.7 Cauliflower 7.9 Sugar beets 6.1Brussel sprouts 0.7 ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON TOMATO RESISTANT SUSCEPTIBLE

  4. NEMATODES ARE AQUATIC ORGANISMS.

  5. SPEAR B S VULVA ESOPHAGUS MALE TAIL MEDIAN BULB NERVE RING ANUS OVARY EXCRETORY PORE S=SPICULES B=BURSA INTESTINE BASAL GLANDS TYPICAL PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE

  6. SPEAR OR STYLET

  7. SPICULES

  8. B. A. JAFFEE B. A. JAFFEE LIFE CYCLE OF A TYPICAL PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE: M = MOLT M SIZE M M ADULT M J4 J3 EGG J1 J2 TIME J = JUVENILE OR LARVA

  9. THE MOST COMMON GENERA OF PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES IN CALIFORNIA: ECTOPARASITES MIGRATORY ENDOPARASITES Trichodorus - Stubby Root* Pratylenchus - Lesion Xiphinema - Dagger* Ditylenchus - Stem & Longidorus - Needle* Bulb Helicotylenchus - Spiral Aphelenchoides - Foliar Mesocriconema - Ring Paratylenchus - Pin SEDENTARY Hemicycliophora - Sheath ENDOPARASITES Meloidogyne - Root Knot Anguina - Seed & Leaf Gall SOME GENERA CONTAIN Tylenchulus - Citrus SEVERAL IMPORTANT Heterodera - Cyst SPECIES *Vectors of plant viruses

  10. ECTOPARASITE SEDENTARY ENDOPARASITE MIGRATORY ENDOPARASITE

  11. NEMATODES OF GREATEST CONCERN WORLDWIDE: CYST (HETERODERA SP, GLOBODERA SP), ROOT-KNOT (MELOIDOGYNE SP), LESION (PRATYLENCHUS SP) [FAO, LAMBERTI, 1997] SUGARBEET CYST NEMATODE (HETERODERA SCHACHTII ) INFESTED HEALTHY COLE CROPS SUGARBEETS

  12. ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE (MELOIDOGYNE SP.) COTTON CARROT POTATO SUGARBEET WATERMELON SWEET POTATO INFESTED HEALTHY

  13. LESION NEMATODE (PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS) EASTER LILIES

  14. LIFE CYCLE OF CYST AND ROOT KNOT NEMATODES: EGG CONTAINING UNHATCHED J2 INVASIVE JUVENILE (J2) BROWN CYST ENCLOSING EGGS J3 J3 ROOT KNOT FEMALE WITH EGG MASS J4 J4 IMMATURE FEMALE ADULT MALE

  15. SSU Tree Blaxter et al. 1998, Nature Fig. from Dorris et al., 1999

  16. PHYLUM: NEMATA (OR NEMATODA) CLASS: ADENOPHOREA (no phasmids) ORDER: DORYLAIMIDA ORDER: STICHOSOMIDA CLASS: SECERNENTEA (phasmids = caudal sensory organ) ORDER: RHABDITIDA ORDER: STRONGYLIDA ORDER: ASCARIDIDA ORDER: SPIRURIDA ORDER: TYLENCHIDA

  17. PRACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS USED TO IDENTIFY NEMATODES SHAPE OF ADULT FEMALES – VERMIFORM OR SPHERICAL ROOT SYMPTOMS – CYSTS OR GALLS STYLET SHAPE AND LENGTH - WITH OR WITHOUT KNOBS ESOPHAGUS TWO VS THREE PART CUTICULAR ANNULATION NUMBER OF OVARIES LOCATION OF VULVA

  18. SHAPE OF ADULT FEMALES SPHERICAL SPHERICAL VERMIFORM

  19. ROOT SYMPTOMS - CYSTS OR GALLS CYST GALLS INFESTED HEALTHY RESISTANT SUSCEPTIBLE

  20. STYLET SHAPE AND LENGTH (WITH OR WITHOUT KNOBS) TWO VS THREE PART ESOPHAGUS TYLENCHOID ESOPHAGUS

  21. STOMATOSTYLET

  22. ODONTOSTYLET

  23. THREE PART ESOPHAGUS

  24. CUTICULAR ANNULATION PRESENCE OR ABSENCE RING NEMATODE SHEATH NEMATODE

  25. NUMBER OF OVARIES LOCATION OF VULVA SPEAR B S VULVA ESOPHAGUS MALE TAIL MEDIAN BULB NERVE RING ANUS OVARY EXCRETORY PORE S=SPICULES B=BURSA INTESTINE BASAL GLANDS TYPICAL PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE

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