English Grammar

1. English Grammar

2. Introduction to Grammar

3. ＊content of grammar ＊grammatical unit ＊part of speech ＊phrase ＊sentence element ＊relationship ＊sentences

4. content of G morphology 词法 syntax 句法

5. grammar: the rules of a language, for example for forming words or joining words together in sentences words & sentences

6. grammatical unit morpheme word phrase clause sentence 词素 词 短语 five units 分句/从句 句子

7. morpheme smallest meaningful unit into which a word can be divided; eg: runs unlikely contains two morphemes contains three morphemes

8. word sound or combination of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent unit of the grammar or vocabulary of a language;

9. phrase two or more words in sequence that form a syntactic unit that is less than a complete sentence; “The green car” and “at half past four” are phrases. √

10. clause group of words that includes a subject and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence; The sentence “ He often visits Spain because he likes the climate” consists of a main clause and a subordinate clause. √

11. sentence largest unit of grammar, usually containing a subject, a verb, an object, etc. and expressing a statement, question or command;

12. part of speech /word class 词类、词性(10) words notional words实词 form words虚词 particle小品词 -- to do structure word 结构词 (there be …) ＊determiners限定词 ＊wh-word

13. 1. noun (n.) 2. adjective (adj./a.) 3. numeral (num.) 4. pronoun (pron.) 5. verb (v.) 6. adverb (adv./ad.)

14. 7. article (art.) 8. preposition (prep.) 9. conjunction (conj.) 10. interjection (interj./int.)

15. art. pron. adj. num. determiners

16. wh-word what, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why,whether, how 用作：疑问词（除whether） 从属连词→名从和状从 关系代词 (除whether, how)→定从

17. 11 types of phrase 名词短语 1 noun phrase 2 pronoun phrase 3 verbal phrase 4 adjective phrase 5 adverbial phrase 6 numeral phrase 代词短语 动词短语 形容词短语 副词短语 数词短语

18. 11 types of phrase 7 prepositional phrase 8 conjunctional phrase 9 participial phrase 10 gerundial phrase 11 infinitive phrase 介词短语 连词短语 分词短语 动名词短语 不定式短语

19. green house;   white smith; full of water; because of; hundreds of; take place; to study hard; one another; on condition that; as well; standing at the door; in case; Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.

20. member of sentence/ (10) sentence element(句子成分) 1 主语subject (S.) 2 谓语predicate (V.) 3 宾语object (O.)

21. 4 定语attribute (At.) 5 状语adverbial (Ad.) 6 补语 complement (C.) 7 表语predicative (P.)

22. ①动宾verbal object ②介宾 prepositional object ③双宾double object → indirect object + direct object (人)间宾Oi. (物)直宾Od. ④复合宾语complex object → object +object complement 宾语 + 宾补O.C.

23. complement: ①object complement 宾补 ②subject complement 主补 Eg: We make our country richer. We elect him our monitor. Teacher let us go home. He was found dead in the room. Our country is made richer by us.

24. 8 同位语appositive 9 插入语parenthesis 10 呼语vocative ◎

25. He eats an apple every day. She is for the idea. Please hand methe book! Let usgo home.

26. This is my sister Mary. Mary is a good girl, they say. Sit down, Mary.

27. Relationshipword class ←→ sentence element 1 n. /pron. /num. ←→ S. 2 v. ←→ V. 3 n. /pron. /num. ←→ O. 4 adj. /n. /v. ←→ C.

28. Relationshipword class ←→ sentence element 5 n. /pron. /adj. /adv. ←→ P. 6 adj. /n. /pron. /num. /adv. ←→ At. 7 adv. ←→ Ad.

29. ＊ An orange is orange. ＊ Spring is here and we are busy with spring ploughing. ＊There is a hot spring near the hill village. ＊ All the plants have sprung up. ＊ He can spring over 1.9 meters.

30. Sentences ☆ characteristics ☆ classification ☆sub-classification

31. characteristics ① first letter →capitalized; ② with punctuation; ③ independent syntactic structure; ④ complete semantic meaning;

32. according to: communicative function grammatical structure 交际功能 语法结构

33. 陈述句 declarative sentence /statement 疑问句 interrogative sentence /question 祈使句 imperative sentence /command 感叹句exclamatory sentence /exclamation

34. simple sentences简单句 compound sentences并列句 complex Sentences复合句 inverted sentence /inversion 倒装句 elliptical sentence /ellipsis 省略句

35. Sub-classification ﹡ declarative sentence ﹡interrogative sentence ﹡ imperative sentence ﹡ exclamatory sentence ﹡ simple sentence ﹡ compound sentence ﹡ complex sentence

36. declarative sentences: affirmative ～ ～ negative ～ ～ 肯定句 否定句

37. interrogative sentences general question / yes-no question 一般疑问句／是非疑问句 special question特殊疑问句 alternative question选择疑问句 disjunctive question反意疑问句 rhetorical question修辞疑问句

38. Have you finished your work? • What are you doing? • Is the boy your friend or your brother? • It is a nice day, isn’t it? ※What is the use of crying over spilt milk? Who doesn’t desire happiness?

39. imperative sentences 1st-person ～第一人称祈使句 2nd-person ～ 第二人称祈使句 3rd-person ～ 第三人称祈使句 ～ without v. 无动词祈使句 negative form & emphatic form

40. 1st-person ～: Let’s + v.+… Let us + v.+… Let me + v.+…

41. 2nd-person ～: v.+…; Be +a.+…; You +v.+… (生气、训斥) eg: Stand up, please! Be quiet, please! You shut up! You mind your own business!

42. 3rd-person ～: John phone the hospital! All be quiet, please! Somebody fetch some chalk for me.

43. ～ without v.: eg: Out of the way! Those in favor of this idea, hands up.

44. Negative form: Let’s not + v.+… Don’t /Never + v. /be+adj. +… Emphatic form Do + v. /be+adj. +…

45. exclamatory sentences： ① How + adj./adv. + S.+ V.+…! ② What + (a/an) + (adj.) + n.+ S.+ V.+…! ③ words, phrases or sentences as ～ eg: Excellent! A good idea! Here comes the bus! I have never heard of it before!

46. Basic Sentence Patterns: ① S. + Vi. + … ② S. + V. + P. ③ S. + Vt. + O. + … ④ S. + Vt. + Oi. + Od. + … ⑤ S. + Vt. + O. + O.C. + …

47. Compound Sentences coordinative ～ transitional ～ alternative ～ causal ～ 等立并列句 转折并列句 选择并列句 因果并列句

48. Complex Sentences nominal clause adjectival clause adverbial clause 名词性从句 形容词性从句 副词性从句

49. Nominal Clauses Including: subject clauses object clauses predicative clauses appositive clauses 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句

50. Adjectival Clause i.e. attributive clauses 定语从句 Subdivided into: restrictive ～ ～ 限制性定语从句 non-restrictive ～～ 非限制性定从