Unit 6: Conflict and Change A study in the uses and abuses of power CRUSADES Lesson #3

1. Unit 6: Conflict and ChangeA study in the uses and abuses of powerCRUSADES Lesson #3 Essential Question: Why is there conflict? How can conflict bring two societies closer together? Is it in human nature to dominate? Can one person make a difference? Is one person’s freedom fighter another person’s terrorist? Is fighting ever justified?

2. VIDEO of the Crusades WARM-UP What’s going on in this image? What do you see that makes you say that… …what more can you find?

3. Causes of the Crusades • The Seljuk Turks had established a new Muslim dynasty in 1055 with the capital being in Baghdad, so the Seljuk sultan ruled the new Persian Empire. • The Seljuk Turks continued to expand their territory even into what were supposed to be Christian lands in Eastern Europe. • VOCABULARY: • Shah: a ruler in certain Middle East lands, especially Persia (modern-day Iran)

4. Causes of the Crusades • The Christians in Europe were bothered by the Turks taking over Christian lands in the East. • Christians began to worry about the Holy Land of Jerusalem because it is where Jesus lived and was crucified and rose from the dead. However, it was also where Muhammad ascended to heaven in the night journey. • Jerusalem had been under Muslim rule and Jews, Christians and Muslims had lived together peacefully. • However, certain Muslim rulers were harsher toward non-Muslims than others. • The Turks took control of Palestine and made Christian pilgrimages to the holy land impossible, so Christians worried they would never be able to viti there again. • The fear of losing the Christian holy land led to the Crusades.

5. Causes of the Crusades • As the Turks approached Constantinople (the capital of the Byzantine Empire), The Emperor appealed to Pope Urban II for help. • The Pope invited nobles and church leaders to attend a council in France where he called for a crusade to drive out the Muslims and reclaim Jerusalem. He promised entry to heaven to all who joined the fight. • The French put together armies to fight in the Holy Land. People of all classes joined the fight. They would wear a red cross as a symbol of their mission. • Merchants saw this as a chance to earn money. • Younger sons of nobles hoped to gain estates in the Holy Land. • A person who fought in the Holy Land also gained the respect and prestige at home.

6. First Crusade 1096-1099 • 30,000 crusaders fought their way through Anatolia (modern Turkey) toward Palestine. • In 1098, the crusaders spent nine months fighting their way through a ring of walls at the city of Antioch in Syria and won. In 1099, crusaders surrounded Jerusalem and scaled the city walls. After a month, the city surrendered. Crusaders killed all against them, sold survivors into slavery and then they went home. With the exception of four crusader kingdoms in Palestine, Syria and modern-day Lebanon and Turkey. • The Muslims were not strong because they hadn’t been united.

7. Second Crusade 1146-1148 • In 1144, Muslims got together to capture the northernmost crusader kingdom. • Christians got together and sent a second army led by the King of France in 1148. • About 50,000 crusaders marched into the city. Muslims beat back the crusaders. Defeated the French army went home.

8. Third Crusade 1189-1192 • Muslims came together under Muslim leadership • In the 1180’s, the great Sultan Salah al-Din united Egypt, Syria and other eastern lands and took back most of Palestine. • Losing Palestine shocked Europeans and had England’s King Richard I “the Lionhearted” leading a fight against the Sultan. • In 1191, the crusaders forced the surrender of Palestinian towns and in a trade Richard ordered the deaths of 2,700 Muslim prisoners. • In 1192, the Sultan and King Richard signed a peace treaty, but the crusaders kept cities along the coast of Palestine and Muslims agreed to let Christian pilgrims enter Jerusalem.

9. Crusades • Crusades continued for another 100 years

10. Reconquista • The Crusades continued to fight Muslims in Europe and North Africa and Middle East. • The “reconquista” was about retaking the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal). • Muslims gave up more and more territory. • In 1039, Portugal became an independent Christian kingdom. • In 1248, only Granada remained Muslim. • Jews and Muslims remained in Christian-ruled areas. • In late-1400s, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted to unite Spain as a Catholic country, so they used the Spanish Inquisition (a Roman Catholic Court) against Muslims and Jews who claim to have converted. Judges used torture to find out if converts were practicing their old religion. Thousands were burned at the stake. • In 1492, Granada fell and all were ordered to become Catholics. 170,000 Jews left Spain and Muslims left forever and went to Muslim lands or converted. • VOCABULARY: • Inquisition: a judicial body established by the Roman Catholic Church to combat forms of religious error • Anti-Semitism: hostility/anger or discrimination against Jews

11. What’s going on in these images?

12. Effects of the Crusades • VOCABULARY: • Segregation: the forced separation of one group from the rest of a community • European monarchs gained power, weakened feudalism • The use of money increased. • Jews suffered hardships. • Many were killed on all sides and others lost property and homes. • Muslims and Jews were driven out of Europe. • The nomadic Mongols conquered Muslim lands and ruled much of Asia. • After the Crusades and Mongols, the Turks built a Muslim Empire in the Middle East, Southern Europe, Iran, Iraq, India, West Africa and Indonesia.

13. Battle Speeches • You are responsible for creating a character (based off a real person/leader from the Crusades) and writing a battle speech. • What might a leader say to his troops to build up morale and explain their motivation for doing what they are doing? • Students can use their own Ebonics language for the speech as a leader would to his troops • If you so desire…it can be a poem or rap

14. Journal Reflection* • Answer ALL of the following questions: • How did the Crusades impact the Christians? • How did the Crusades impact the Muslims? • How did the Crusades impact the Jews?

15. Discussion • Why do YOU think the Crusades happened?

16. Crusades Hearing Project • Finish reading and annotating Character Overview • Fill out character map and answer: • What makes your character look good? • What did your character do that could make them look bad? • What is your character’s point of view on the Crusades? • Have students begin preparing for the hearing • Statements • Questioning • Placards

17. Work time EACH student needs to complete the following: • Opening statement • ONE paragraph answering the question you were assigned to answer about your character (5-10 sentences) • Questioning • ONE question for each of the other characters who will testify during the hearing • Placard • A card that has your characters name and a few designs or symbols that represent that character

18. TO DO LIST Check off the tasks you have completed on your to do list. Think about what you need to get done for next class.

19. Journal Reflection Processing – List at least 5 questions someone else might ask your character about their involvement in the Crusades to answer the question – Why did the Crusades happen? Were they justified?

20. Homework Work on Crusades Project – Opening Statement