Is Everything an Argument?

1. Is Everything an Argument? A Look at Argument, Persuasion, and Rhetoric

2. Argumentation-Persuasion Everyone has experience arguing- • “Do it.” “Why?” “Because I said so.” • “You can’t possibly expect me to believe what you are saying.” “Look, I know what I’m talking about, and that’s that.” But- In writing or oration, it is using clear thinking and logic to convince audience of the soundness of a particular opinion, especially on controversial topics.

3. Differences between… • Argument- purpose to document objectively to prove a point • Persuasion- purpose to shake up readers and motivate them to act The two are usually combined because most people respond rationally and emotionally.

4. It’s not just words • An argument can be any text (whether written, spoken, or visual) that expresses a point of view.

5. BUMPER STICKERS

6. ADVERTISEMTNS

7. PROPAGANDA

8. CARTOONS

9. SOCIAL MEDIA

10. PUBLIC PERSONA

11. SIGNAGE

12. Purpose of Argument • Inform • Convince • Explore • Make decisions • Act (action) • Meditate and pray • Think • Do

13. Elements of Argument: • Claims • Data/Evidence • Warrants • Counter Claims • The Appeals (logos, pathos, ethos), • Fallacies

14. What is a claim? • An arguable statement • In effect, someone who offers an argument for a position is making a claim, providing reasons to support that claim, and implying that the premises make it reasonable to accept the conclusion. • Other terms: argument, thesis

15. There are three types of claim • Claims of fact assert that something is true or not true. • Claims of value assert that something is good or bad, more or less desirable. • Claims of policy assert that one course of action is superior to another.

16. Data/Evidence • Information gathered to support the claim. • Evidence can include data, experience, observations, reading, etc.

17. Warrant (also referred to as a bridge) • Explanation of why or how the data supports the claim, the underlying assumption that connects data/evidence to the claim.

18. What is a Counter Claim • The part of an argument in which a speaker or writer counters opposing points of view. • It can also be referred as a counter argument or refutation. • The rebuttal is the evidence used to negate or disagree with the counter claim.

19. What is the claim?

20. What are the claims?

21. What is the claim?

22. What is the claim?

23. Logos, Ethos and Pathos Aristotelian Appeals

24. Aristotle’s Three Ways to Persuade Logos Ethos Pathos

25. Who is Aristotle? Aristotle (384-322 BCE)is the most notable product of the educational program devised by Plato. Aristotle wrote on an amazing range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, and ethicsto physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric.

26. What is logos, ethos, and pathos? Logos = Logic Ethos = Ethics, Image Pathos = Emotions (Passion)

27. Logos, Ethos, Pathos Using logos, ethos, and pathos will help you to master the art of persuasion. • Through language, you will be able to change the point of view of others! • Through language, you will be able to motivate others to take action!

28. Logos Logos is an argument based on facts, evidence and reason. Using logos means appealing to the readers’ sense of what is logical.

29. Logos

30. Logos Example Unemployment Rates in California for the last 10 years

31. Ethos Ethos is an argument based on character. Using ethos means the writer or speaker appeals to the audience’s sense of ethical behavior. The writer or speaker presents him or herself to the audience as credible, trustworthy, honest and ethical. “I am an ethical expert, so believe what I say.”

32. Ethos Example: • Quote: “Changes in professional football are producing a faster, more pass-oriented game.” • Repertoire: NFL Quarterback and Champion • Why is Peyton Manning credible?

33. Ethos

34. Pathos Pathos = argument based on feelings Using pathos means appealing to readers’ emotions and feelings.

35. Pathos Example: • Advertisement for wrinkle cream • How does this advertisement appeal to emotion? Why?

36. Pathos

37. What is this? Ethos, Pathos, Logos?

38. Logos, Ethos, Pathos Think of Logos, Ethos, and Pathos as your Three Amigos http://www.tubechop.com/watch/6663687

39. Review Logos = logic Logos is an argument based on facts, evidence and reason. Using logos means appealing to the readers’ sense of what is logical.

40. Review Ethos = Ethics / Image Ethos is an argument based on character. The writer or speaker presents him or herself to the reader as credible, trustworthy, honest and ethical.

41. Review Pathos = argument based on feelings Using pathos means appealing to readers’ emotions and feelings.

42. What is rhetoric? Rhetoric is the art of persuasionand study of effective speaking and writing The goal of persuasion is to change others’ point of view or to move others to take action.

43. Rhetoric is the study of effective speaking and writing. • Rhetoric studies the effectiveness of language comprehensively, including its emotional impact, as much as its propositional content. • Rhetoric is how language and thought work together

44. Rhetorically Speaking… You will evaluate rhetorical strategies You will argue using rhetorical strategies

45. Rhetorical strategies- • Literary devices: symbolism, irony, metaphor, imagery, alliteration, etc • Language devices: syntax, repetition, connotation, denotation, diction, etc • Fallacies: scare tactics, bandwagon • See http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Silva.htm for many more…