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Geographical profiling and serial murder in the UK

Geographical profiling and serial murder in the UK As serial murder offending spaces evolve, does geographical profiling matter?. Prof Craig A. Jackson Head of Division of Psychology. Convicted UK Serial Murderers. Current serial murder hunt: UK Stepping Hill Hospital

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Geographical profiling and serial murder in the UK

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  1. Geographical profiling and serial murder in the UK As serial murder offending spaces evolve, does geographical profiling matter? Prof Craig A. JacksonHead of Division of Psychology

  2. Convicted UK Serial Murderers

  3. Current serial murder hunt: UK Stepping Hill Hospital 3 inpatients murdered over 3 weeks 44yr female 84yr male 71yr male Insulin overdose via saline tampering Arrest of 27yr Female nurse Rebecca Leighton Remanded for 1 month Released - no grounds for prosecution Offender space Victims Un-sub Suspect 4000 staff 700 possible unsubs

  4. Serial offender investigations

  5. Consider failings of offender profiling Assess development of Geo profiling Consider importance of work & working apropos crimes Don't understand the offenders - understand the environment The role and context of driving, remoteness & isolation Personality trait influences upon career selection Placing serial murderers in broader categories neglected Occupational typographies of UK serial murderers Overview

  6. I was worried about John... Night-terrors Emotional breakdown Paranoia Cardiovascular problems

  7. Wellbeing of Law Enforcement Health effects of high profile murder investigations Soham murders: SIO Chris Stevenson James Bulger murder: SIO Albert Kirkby Ipswich ripper murders: SIO Roy Lambert Cromwell Street murders: SIO John Bennett • Team of 47 detectives • Sought proactive "Stress Counselling” • Some accepted – others did not • Upon retirement, He did one more investigation...

  8. Side-tracked

  9. Think about "work" Label Identity Judge others & selves Five days per week Fifty years of life Voluntarily trapped Larry D Hall Civil War Re-enactment Cary Stayner Forestry worker Westonaria serial murderer "Taxi driver" Muldersdrift rapist Offering work Train worker

  10. Impact of working Work leaves imprint on most people Physical, Psychological, Behavioural, Linguistic Imprints van be specific to specific: Occupation Processes Companies Chemicals Industrial "acute" injury - scars, removals, mutilations Chronic disease / effects - mesothelioma, COPD, hearing loss

  11. Dennis Rader aka BTK Service in USAF ADT home security installer (1980s) Graduate Kansas State University (Computer science) Scout Leader (1980s 1990s) Church Minister City compliance officer (1990s)

  12. Latitude & independence Manifests Skills / Training e.g. knots, ligatures, chemicals, processes butchery, stalking, record-snooping Tools - imprints, technique, misuse, tapes, chemicals Work assisting investigations

  13. Work assisting investigations Jokes with colleagues / Boasts Stories / Narratives / Slips Sickness absence data Pre-employment interview / medical assessment Colleague hunches and suspicions Offending space within work duties

  14. Shift routines Occ diseases - lung, spine, extremities Modifications - vehicles, posture Near misses Warnings / disciplinary procedures Complaints / investigations Annual leave / compassionate leave Sickness absence Days, spells, duration, clusters, shot v long, weekends Existing routine data

  15. John Snow - Broad Street Pump

  16. Prof. Stuart Kind UK govt scientist & academic Home Office Central Research Establishment Accidentally invented geo profiling Realised maps of serial crimes could predict base Before term "offender profiling" even used Led to "Lawrence Byford" report Pioneer of Geographic Profiling

  17. HOLMES CATCHEM VICAP VICLAS DRAGNET Reductionist Data-Driven Hypothetico-Deductive (Geographic) Profiling Systems

  18. "In a few hours, using techniques he learned as a Royal Air Force wartime navigator, he mapped the dates and times of the killings, trying to determine the centre of gravity of the attacks. He realised the killer needed darkness and was trying to mislead the police as to his operational base. But Kind knew the Ripper had to return to his home as soon as possible to avoid capture near the crime scene. He deduced that the earlier in the evening an attack happened, the further away from "home" the killer was. Very late attacks happened close to his base, so he could return home quickly." Pioneer of Geographic Profiling

  19. Yorkshire ripper attacks 5th Jul 1975 - 17th Nov 1980 20 attacks 13 deaths Killer returns to same base Early eve attacks far from base HQ is Manningham or Shipley Geo Profile #1

  20. Assumptions Had a singe base Had access to a vehicle Knew areas well Had legitimate reason to be "mobile" Offending space Geo Profile #1

  21. Structural approach Context and background of offender Not ignoring victimology Leyton's homicidal protest 1000,000 remote / isolated workers in UK (Crawford & Jackson) HQ visit median 11 days Offending Space

  22. Bulger murder & Soham murderers • Changed parenting style • Child victim access harder • Stranger-murder; victims changed to: • Sex workers • Elderly • Runaways • Gay men • Migrants • Workplace: one of new hunting grounds • Legitimate access / authority / alibi Thinking Feeling Fantasising Doing Offending spaces Wilson & Jones 2007

  23. New ways of working New jobs / technology / services Remote / Isolated working 1000,000 in UK More people working more hours More flexibility required CCTV ANPR Offending spaces are changing

  24. Washington Snipers 2002 Assumed single sniper Assumed anchor point somewhere Geo Profile #2

  25. The base, home or HQ of offender Profiling harder if above defied "Safe space" "Psychological base" En route Jobs, second homes, Multiple vehicles Anchor Points

  26. Railway rapists 1982-1985 Anchor Points

  27. Robert Black 1982-1986 Younger abductees travel further before struggling Midland Triangle PDS Moving Target Geo Profile #3

  28. Simon Wadland 1988-1992 Bizarre phone calls 9am -5pm Mons & Tues Geo Profile #4

  29. The role of work

  30. Individuals actively "search" for jobs to match interests Pairing of Individual and Job When pairing succeeds, individuals are satisfied When pairing does not match, individual will look around Describes Personalities & Environments Personality type gives clue to their ideal work environment Holland's RIASEC model Holland 1997

  31. Holland 1997 Relates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENT "Realistic" Doer "Investigative" Thinker "Artistic” Creator "Conventional" Organiser RIASEC Model "Social" Helper "Enterprising" Persuader

  32. "Realistics" Practical individuals Conformist Ordered Prefer objects and tools Not keen on concepts or abstracts Heuristics-driven Mechanic, Labourer, Driver

  33. "Investigatives" Observational Analytical Independent Intellectual Problem-solving Scientific, Technical, Engineering, Research

  34. "Artistics" Similar to "Investigative" Prefers objectives Enjoys manipulation & freedom of media Prefers feasts rules / structural hierarchy Painting, Decorator, Designer, Journalist, Writer

  35. things ideas data people Holland 1997 Relates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENT "Realistic" Doer "Investigative" Thinker "Artistic” Creator "Conventional" Organiser RIASEC Model "Social" Helper "Enterprising" Persuader Prediger's dimensions

  36. Realist Social Artistic types Recollections of childhood preferences, vocation choice were predictive of job characteristics Traits at childhood & adolescence predictive of job 40 years later Kasler & Novo 2005 Trait influences on Job choice Woods & Hampson 2011

  37. Safe testing ground for deviant behaviours Boundary testing Rebelliousness Grounded anchor to reality Funds crimes Alibis Excitement of outwitting authority Social structure and stability reassures Workplace deviance

  38. Proactive use of workplaces Offence Discovery Investigation Arrest Evidence Offence Discovery Investigation Evidence Arrest

  39. The age of transit Structural approach Context and background of offender Not ignoring victims Leyton's homicidal protest HQ visit median 11 days

  40. Traveling serial murderer 1960s 1970s boom in car ownership Expanding road network Midlands home of car manufacture Cheapest ownership in UK Social protests at work and de-skilling of Midlands man Prostitutes chased from urban streets by angry residents Growth of car

  41. Midlands triangle Intersection cities Increase get away options / confusion Decrease linkage likelihood Midlands prostitute murders of 1980s 1990s Multiple Police force boundaries Transport links

  42. Essential hunting tool for sexually motivated Psychological refuge place Vital in folie a deux - teamwork not paired together Crosses boundaries Increases linkage blindness (Keppel & Birnes 2003) Change vehicles increase further Ford Capri; Corsair; Sunbeam Rapier; Rover 3.5 Access offending areas / sites Vehicles - mobile anchor points

  43. The age of transit Jacques Lantier and "Lison" in La Bete Humaine, Emile Zola (1890)

  44. The age of transit

  45. The age of transit

  46. "Realistics" and their toys

  47. Enables trolling / stalking Fantasy space - anchor point Covert trial runs Extends Offending space Valid reason for solitude / Alibi Authority / Respectable Drops likelihood of victim being related to offender Structural approach: vehicle use

  48. Working and Workplace rich source of data Coupled with Geo Profiles IF conditions optimal Evolution of serial murders creates conditions not suitable for geo profiling Placing serial murderers in broader categories neglected Impact of Occupational choice upon serial murderers Evolution of "offending space" models, incorporates more time alone in role of work Summary

  49. Byford L, 1981, The Yorkshire Ripper Case, review of the police investigation. HMSO. Canter D, 2003, Mapping Murder: the secrets of geographical profiling. Virgin, London. Crawford J, MacCalman L, Jackson CA. 2011, In Depth Review: The Health and Wellbeing of Remote and Mobile Workers. Occup Medicine, 61: 385-394 Jackson CA, Wilson D, Kaur-Rana B. 2011, The usefulness of criminal profiling. Criminal Justice Matters, 84: 6-7. Kind S, 1987, 'Navigational ideas and the Yorkshire Ripper investigation', Journal of Navigation, 40, pp. 385-393. Kind S, 1987, The Scientific Investigation of Crime, Forensic Sciences Services Ltd. Snook B, 2003, Serial Crime andDistance: an analysis of serial offender spatial analysis. Unpublished PhD thesis - University of Liverpool Wilson D, Jackson CA, Kaur-Rana B. 2010' Against the Medical-Psychological Tradition of Understanding Serial Killing by Studying the Killers. Amicus Journal, 22: 8-16. References

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