An Integrated English Course Book 4

1. An Integrated English Course Book 4 Unit Four

2. Text I A View of Mountains • How do you understand the title? • What’s the theme of this essay? • When did the view of mountains first appear? • What’s happened so that people can have a clear view of mountains? • What type of writing is the text? • What’s the thesis of this argumentative essay? • How many parts can the text be divided into? What are they? Can we find a topic sentence for each paragraph?

3. Text structure • This argumentative essay comprises three parts. • Part I (Paragraph 1)-- the writer puts forward his thesis: a view of mountains in the background suggests the real extent to which the city was destroyed by the atomic bombing. • Part II (Paragraphs 2-3)-- the author argues that the bombing of Nagasaki is more representative of the nuclear peril threatening the world than that of Hiroshima and that we need to take actions to dispel nuclear threat from the Earth. • Part III (Paragraph 4)-- the author restates his main idea, i.e. we should not just worry about the nuclear peril but take actions to eliminate it to create a safer world.

4. Paragraph 1 • In paragraph 1 the writer describes what Yamahata’s pictures display: the effects of a nuclear weapon on human beings. And then he presents the main point of his argument: the true measure lies not in the wreckage but in the gone city, and this is where the significance of a view of mountains in the background of one of the pictures lies.

5. Questions for discussion • 1) Why does the author think that Yamahata’s pictures compose the fullest record of nuclear destruction in existence? • 2) Why were the bodies often branded with the patterns of their clothes? • 3) Why does the author particularly mention “a view of mountains” in one of the pictures?

6. Language work • 1. dispatch: send off to a destination 派遣，发送 • Parcels of food were dispatched to him by American friends. • The government was preparing to dispatch 4,000 soldiers to search the island.

7. 2. constitute: • 1) compose; form 组成，构成（部分构成整体） • Twelve months constitute a year. 十二个月为一年. • The committee is constituted of members of all three parties. 委员会由所有三个政党的成员组成. • (fig 比喻) He is so constituted (ie His nature is such) that he can accept criticism without resentment. • 他豁达大度, 能接受批评而不怀恨在心. • 2) be equal to 等同于；相等 • It is up to the teacher to decide what constitutes satisfactory work. • Cf. consist of, be composed of, comprise: be formed of 由…构成 • The British Parliament comprises/consists of/is composed of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. • compose, constitute, comprise: form （部分）构成（整体） • The House of Commons and the House of Lords comprise/compose/constitute the British Parliament. • *避免用be comprised of

8. in existence • -现存的，现有的 • According to some philosopher, everything in existence is reasonable. • 某位哲学家认为, 存在的事物都是合理的。 • This is the most magnificent bridge in existence. • 这是现有的最雄伟的大桥。

9. Questions for discussion • 1) Why does the author think that Yamahata’s pictures compose the fullest record of nuclear destruction in existence? • Because there were few pictures of the destructive consequences of the first atomic bomb. In contrast, Yamahata’s photos systematically and timely record the effects of the second bomb on Nagasaki.

10. methodically [mə'θɔdikəli] • adv.  有条理地, 有条不紊地; 井然地 • methodical adj. • He always checked every detail in a methodical way. • He went through the papers methodically, one by one.

11. (1) It was therefore left to Yamahata to record, methodically--, and, as it happens, … • Paraphrase: Therefore, it was Yamahata’s duty to take photos systematically and give a timely record of the destructive result of a nuclear bomb only hours after its explosion. • methodically: systematically • as it happens 碰巧来到, 恰好出现 • It is (was) left to sb to do sth /It is up to sb to do sth • …the effects of sth on sth

12. historic present 历史现在时 • The present tense in reference to past events, found in photograph description, is called the historic present, or historical present. • The historic present describes the past as if it were happening now. It conveys something of the dramatic immediacy of an eye-witness account. It is characteristic of the popular narrative style. It may also be found in photographic captions (图片说明文字) and in historic summaries.

13. 3. char: make or become black by burning（使某物）燃烧而变黑; 烧焦 • Halve the peppers and char the skins under a hot grill. • 4. ... their bodies are often branded with the patterns of their clothes ...:-- ... their bodies are often marked with the patterns of their clothes ... • brand: vt. label or mark with or as if with a brand 打火印；烙印；加污名于n.商标，品牌 • They branded the cattle one by one. • The US administration recently branded him as a war criminal. • pattern图案，花样

14. 2) Why were the bodies often branded with the patterns of their clothes? • Because the different colors of the patterns absorb light in different degrees. That is, they permitted the body to be heated by the thermal pulse in different degrees in accordance with the colors of the patterns. The lighter the color, the less burned the part of the body.

15. hang over • (hang, hung, hung) • A lamp hung over the table. • 一盏灯悬挂在桌子上方。 • John is a bullfighter. Death hangs over his head every time he performs. • 约翰是斗牛士，每次出场表演都要面临死亡的威胁。 • (Para. 2)…the nuclear danger that still hangs over us.

16. 5. witness: --see, hear, or know by personal presence and perception 证人，目击者 • Only one person witnessed the accident. • 6. dot: cover or sprinkle with or as if with dots加点；点缀 • The countryside is dotted with beautiful ancient churches. • We have offices dotted all over the region.

17. (1) The absence, even more than wreckage, contains the heart of the matter. • Paraphrase: That vanished city rather than its remains represents the true measure of the event.

18. 3) Why does the author particularly mention “a view of mountains” in one of the pictures? • Because the view of mountains reminds the viewers of the city that had been erased from earth. It is in the vanished city rather than in the wreckage that the significance of the event lies.

19. Atomic bomb being dropped on Hiroshima The mushroom cloud of the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945.

20. Corpses charred

21. Bodies branded with the patterns of their clothes

22. A picture by Yosuke Yamahata

23. A horse twisted under the cart it had been pulling.

24. Survivors of the atomic bomb

25. A girl survivor stood in the open mouth of a bomb shelter and smiled an unearthly smile.

26. A view of mountains

27. Part II: Paragraphs 2-3 • In this part, the writer first claims that the bombing of Nagasaki is the fitter symbol of the nuclear danger menacing the world; then he argues that we should not just apprehend the nuclear peril but try to dispel it from the earth. For this purpose, he maintains that picture taking is not enough and action is called for.

28. Questions for Paragraph 2 • 1) Why is the meaning of Yamahata’s pictures universal? • 2) Why has Nagasaki always been in the shadow of Hiroshima? • 3) Do you agree with the author when he says the bombing of Nagasaki is the fitter symbol of the nuclear peril? Why or why not?

29. Language work • in a flash立刻，一瞬间 • The answer came to her in a flash of inspiration. • 她突然来了一阵灵感，答案想出来了。 • His perception of the change came inaflash. • 他在一瞬间察觉到了这一变化。 • come into one’s own: to have the opportunity of showing what one can do得到应该得到的东西；获得应有的声誉 • He has at last come into his own as a pop-singer. • (2) In the photographs, Nagasaki comes into its own. • Paraphrase: In the photographs Nagasaki regains its own status.

30. 7. stumble: walk or go unsteadily绊倒,摇摇晃晃地移动 • I stumbled over a tree root. 树根绊了我的脚. • Having drunk half a bottle of whiskey, I stumbled upstairs and into bed. • 8. ruin: devastate; reduce to the remains • The rain absolutely ruined our barbecue. • If the press should find out about this, his marriage, his reputation, and his career would all be ruined.

31. (2) Nagasaki has always been in the shadow of Hiroshima, as if the human imagination… • Paraphrase: Compared with Hiroshima, what happened in Nagasaki has always been less talked about. It seems that the human imagination had been exhausted and stopped at the wreckage of the first ruined city and failed to reach even the outskirts of Nagasaki.

32. 9. hang over: menace; overshadow 威胁；笼罩 • The threat of nuclear war hangs over mankind. • With the court case hanging over us, we couldn’t enjoy our vacation. • 10. spare : refrain from harming, punishing or killing使免遭;免去; 不伤害 • It will spare him embarrassment if you speak to him about it in private. • Spare us the suspense and tell us who won the first prize! • Can you spare me a few minutes? （分出，腾出） • 你能为我挪出几分钟时间吗?

33. (2) Each picture therefore seemed not so much an image…as a window… • not so much…as与其说…不如说 • She is not so much a teacher as a scholar. • The important thing is not so much the actual population of the world, but its rate of increase.重要的与其说是世界的实际人口量，还不如说是人口的增长率。 • not so much as 连…都不（肯） • He did not so much as thank me for returning his money that I found. 我把找到的钱还给他，他却连谢都不肯谢。

34. 11. intact: entire, unimpaired 无损失的，完整的 • Despite the bombing, the house was still intact. • He can scarcely survive this scandal with his reputation intact. • 他经此丑闻名誉很难不受损.

35. Questions for Paragraph 2 • 1) Why is the meaning of Yamahata’s pictures universal? • Because they express an apprehension of the nuclear peril that hangs over us. What happened to Nagasaki could happen to any other city in the world.

36. 2) Why has Nagasaki always been in the shadow of Hiroshima? • Because Hiroshima was the city on which the first atomic bomb was dropped and it has drawn almost all the attention of the world. By contrast, Nagasaki has nearly been forgotten as an atomically devastated city.

37. 3) Do you agree with the author when he says the bombing of Nagasaki is the fitter symbol of the nuclear peril? Why or why not? • An open-ended question. • If you say “yes”, you can follow the writer’s reasoning. First it is the evidence of the danger that nuclear weapons can be used again. Second, it shows the unpredictability of nuclear attacks.

38. Paragraph 3 • Questions for consideration • 4) What should we do in addition to apprehending the nuclear peril? • 5) What do we need in order to meet the more important challenge of eliminating nuclear weaponry?

39. 12. glimpse: a very brief passing look, sight, or view一瞥, 一闪 • I caught a glimpse of the driver of the getaway (逃亡，逃走) car, but I doubt I would recognize her if I saw her again. • This biography offers only a few glimpses of his life before he became famous.

40. apprehend （1） expect with anxiety, suspicion, or fear 忧虑；担心 • apprehend danger in every sound • Do you apprehend any difficulty?你是不是怕有什么困难? （2）to grasp mentally, to understand 领会，理解 • He can't apprehend the real nature of change. 他不能理解变革的真实性质。

41. 14. peril: serious or immediate danger • I never felt that my life was in peril. • The bicycle has no brakes you ride it at your peril. 这辆自行车没闸--你要骑可太危险了. • 15. dispel: cause to vanish驱散；驱除；使消散 • dispel sb's doubts/fears/worries 消除某人的疑虑/恐惧/烦恼 • I’d like to start the speech by dispelling a few rumors that have been spreading recently. 澄清流言

42. Once and for all • (1) now and for the last (and only) time 这一次且为最后一次 • I‘m warning you once and for all. 我给你最后一次警告. • (2) completely and finally 彻底地 • I wish we could settle the matter once and for all.

43. (3) … we seem to need, in addition, some other picture to counterpoise against… • Paraphrase: . ... apart from the pictures of Nagasaki we seem to need some other picture to inspire in us a hope of life to counterbalance the sense of doom suggested by the ruined Nagasaki ...

44. Questions for Paragraph 3 • 4) What should we do in addition to apprehending the nuclear peril? • In addition to apprehending the nuclear peril, we should try to dispel it completely from the earth. This is a more significant challenge.

45. 5) What do we need in order to meet the more important challenge of eliminating nuclear weaponry? • We need actions rather than pictures. No picture seems adequate for this purpose.

46. Paragraph 4 • In this part the writer calls on us to take the responsibility of creating a safer world for new generations.

47. Language work • 16. ... we ensure their right to exist.: --... we guarantee a safe living environment for them. • ensure: make (something) certain to happen • Following the plane crash, the airline is taking further steps to ensure public safety on its aircraft. • The role of the police is to ensure that the law is obeyed.

48. Question for discussion • What should we do to ensure a safer world for the future generations? • According to the text, one of the things we should do is make efforts to banish nuclear peril from the Earth forever. However, there are other things to be considered. For instance, the issue of pollution and environment protection, the development and application of high technology including cloning and nuclear energy, and the issue of terrorism.

49. Text Comprehension -II. T or F. • 1. F. Refer to Paragraph 1. Nobody made a photographic record of the immediate effect of the atomic bombing on Hiroshima. • 2. F. Refer to Paragraph 1. The author is shocked because the girl reminds him of the ordinary life that would have been going where fields of rubble are if there had not been the atomic bombing.

50. 3. F. Refer to Paragraph 2. The “nuclear danger that still hangs over us” means the danger caused by the possible use of atomic bombs in the future rather than the dangerous consequences of the world’s second atomic bombing. • 4. T. Refer to what is in the brackets in Paragraph 2. • 5. T. Refer to Paragraph 3.