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Frédéric CAUPIN

Physique statistique. Frédéric CAUPIN. Physique Statistique (L3) ENS-Lyon UCBL (Lyon 1). Frédéric Caupin. Introduction. Le nombre d’Avogadro. N A = 6,02214199 x 10 23 mol -1. gaz parfait : PV = n R T=N k B T. P=0,1 MPa T=300K. 1 L de gaz : 2,4 10 22 particules

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Frédéric CAUPIN

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  1. Physique statistique Frédéric CAUPIN

  2. Physique Statistique (L3) ENS-Lyon UCBL (Lyon 1) Frédéric Caupin Introduction

  3. Le nombre d’Avogadro NA = 6,02214199 x 1023 mol-1 gaz parfait : PV = n R T=N kB T P=0,1 MPa T=300K 1 L de gaz : 2,4 1022 particules 1 verre d’eau = 0,1 kg/(18 g/mol) = 3,3 1024 particules nb d’étoiles dans l’univers  1022

  4. Pourquoi statistique ? “As long as we have to deal with only two molecules, and have all the data given us, we can calculate the result of their encounter; but when we have to deal with millions of molecules, each of which has millions of encounters in a second, the complexity of the problem seems to shut out all hope of a legitimate solution. […] We cannot, therefore, ascertain the actual motion of any one of these molecules; so that we are obliged to abandon the strict historical method, and to adopt the statistical method of dealing with large groups of molecules.” Maxwell à 24 ans • Maxwell, Molecules, • a Lecture delivered before the British Association at Bradford • Nature 8, 437-41 (1873)

  5. Plan du cours • Cinétique des gaz • les débuts de la physique statistique • Théorie de l’information • entropie de Shannon, codage optimal • Ensemble microcanonique • système isolé : N, V et E fixés • Ensemble canonique • équilbre avec un thermostat • Ensemble grand-canonique • système ouvert • Statistiques quantiques • fermions et bosons • Applications

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