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AIR

AIR. Air is one of the important physical environment . It is the basis for health and survival. To maintain healthy life, pure and clean atmospheric air is required. Air is a mixture of gases that forms atmosphere. Average composition of gases in the atmosphere is Oxygen===== 20.96%

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AIR

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  1. AIR Air is one of the important physical environment . It is the basis for health and survival. To maintain healthy life, pure and clean atmospheric air is required.

  2. Air is a mixture of gases that forms atmosphere. • Average composition of gases in the atmosphere is • Oxygen===== 20.96% • Nitrogen====78.01% • CO2 ====0.03%

  3. Other than these , traces of rare gases like argon, helium, neon, xenon etc are present. • Beside these gases , water vapors, dust viruses ,bacteria's are also present

  4. FUNCTIONS OF AIR: • Purifying blood by interchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide • Cooling human body • Acts as a channel of carrying bacteria.

  5. Sources • Motor vehicles, • Industries • Domestic combustion of coal or wood • Nuclear explosion, pesticide spray • Thickly polluted streets and buildings

  6. INDUSTRIES

  7. AUTOMOBILES

  8. COMBUSTATION OF COAL CHEMICAL FERTILIZER

  9. NATURAL SOURCES

  10. AIR POLLUTION

  11. DEFINITION • Air pollution refers to the presence of foreign materials such as smoke , harmful gases , dust,vapour,and fine particles in the atmosphere which are harmful for human being animals ,vegetation ,buildings monuments etc.

  12. SOURCES • Motor vehicles, • Industries • Domestic combustion of coal or wood • Nuclear explosion, pesticide spray • Thickly polluted streets and buildings

  13. HEART PROBLEMS EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION RESPIRATORY PROBLEM

  14. CANCER BRAIN DAMAGE

  15. BIRTH DEFECTS

  16. EFFECTS ON MONUMENT

  17. Conti.. • Irritation to eyes, nose, throat • URTI’s • Headache • Nausea • Asthma • Emphysema • Heart diseases • Brain damage • Liver & kidney problems

  18. OTHER • SMOG • ACID RAIN • OZONE DEPLETION

  19. Monitoring of air pollution • The best indicators of air pollution are : • Smoke or soiling index: A known volume of air is filtered through a white filter paper and the strain is measured by photo electric meter

  20. CLEANING OR DISINFECTION OF AIR I. Natural methods: • 1. Rain: it washes the air and removes the external particles floating in it • 2. Oxygen and Ozone: They continue to clean the air by oxidizing the carbonic substances present in it

  21. 3. Sunlight: The light and temperature of sun continue to clean the air by destroying bacteria present in the environment. • 4. Vegetative life: Plants with green leaves consume Carbon dioxide during the day and releases oxygen, thus increasing the oxygen level

  22. II. Artificial methods • 1. Mechanical: Movement of air dilutes or weakens the impurities. This helps in reduction of vitiate air and bacterial density • 2. Ultra-Viollet radiation: Which helps in killing bacterias and viruses present in the air. This is found to be effective in special situations such as OT and infectious disease wards

  23. 3. Chemical mist: Triethyleneglucolvapours have been found to be effective as air disinfectant. • 4. Fumigation: is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides—or fumigants—to suffocate or poison the pests within.

  24. PREVENTION

  25. Prevention & control of air pollution -WHO

  26. Contaminated method • Air pollution prevented by using mechanical devices e.g. in factories exhaust fans, suction apparatus, air cleaning device etc are installed to cleaning of air before discharge into the atmosphere

  27. 2. Replacement method • Pollution producing substances and processes are replaced with non polluting substances • Eg. Use of non-leaded petrol instead of leaded petrol, use of solar cooker, Gobar gas/natural gas instead of fire wood, coal etc for cooking

  28. 3. Dilution • Growing vegetation and plants between industrial and residential areas help in the reduction of air pollution. These are called green belts 4. DISINFECTION OF AIR • Using ultraviolet radiation for disinfecting operation theatre and infectious disease wards 5.LEGISLATIVE METHOD • Establishing law and implemented by the factories, automobiles etc

  29. 6. International action • WHO established regional centers to control air pollution . International network of laboratories will monitor & have authority to issue warning signals. 7. MECHANICAL VENTILATION • Helps in removing used air and replacing it with fresh air • Used in houses, public places, health centers and hospital wards

  30. 8. DUST CONTROL • Done by frequent wet dusting and wet cleaning of floors of health centers, hospital wards, houses, roads etc 9. MANAGEMENT OF TRANSPORT AND ROAD TRAFFIC • 10 . Zoning

  31. Thank you

  32. Water • Much of the ill health in the country is due to lack of safe and wholesome water supply. • There can be no state of health and well being without safe water.

  33. Meaning of safe and wholesome water • Safe and wholesome water is one which intended for human consumption. Definition : It is defined as water that is • free from pathogenic agents • free from harmful chemical substances • pleasant to taste i.e free from colour and odour • Usable for domestic purposes

  34. Uses of water • Domestic use • Public purposes • Industrial purposes • Agriculture • Power production • Carrying away waste

  35. Sources of water supply • Rain • Surface water • Impounding reservoir • Rivers and streams • Tanks ,ponds and lakes • Ground water • Wells 1.Shallow wells 2. Deep wells 3. Artesian well 4. Sanitary well 5.Tube well 6.Other wells 7.springs

  36. Rain

  37. Surface water • Impounding reservoir: These are artificial lakes constructed usually of earthwork in which large quantities of surface water is stored. It usually furnish good quality of water which ranks next to rain water in purity. • River : It furnish dependable supply of water. The main drawback is that it is always polluted and quite unfit for drinking. • Tanks : These are large excavations in which surface water is stored. • Lakes :

  38. Ground water • Cheapest water • Superior to surface water

  39. Advantages and disadvantages • Advantages : • Free from pathogens • Usually requires no treatment • Supply is likely to be there in dry seasons • Less subjected to contamination Disadvantage : Chemical hardness due to excess of minerals Needs pump or some method to lift the water

  40. wells • Shallow wells and Deep wells • Dug and tube wells

  41. Shallow wells

  42. Deep wells

  43. Dug wells

  44. types of dug wells • Katcha well • Pucca well

  45. Springs

  46. types of springs • Shallow springs • Deep springs

  47. Water born diseases • Caused by the presence of an infective agent Viral

  48. Bacterial

  49. Protozoal

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