SEAWORTHINESS

1. SEAWORTHINESS

2. Ship Collision and Grounding http://www.fortunes-de-mer.com/old/images/GasRoman1.jpg

3. http://worldmaritimenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Grounded.jpghttp://worldmaritimenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Grounded.jpg

4. Assea lanesare getting more congested and ship tend to cruise faster, there are possibilities that such a ship may involve in an accident during her lifetime. • Higher speeds may cause larger operational loads, like slamming, or excessive severe loads, particularly during a collision. • Denser sea routes increase the probability of accidents to occur – in particular a collision – involving ships or ships and shore or offshore structures. ( Strait of Malacca… 40%.of tankers....not less than 70,000 ships)

5. What is Collision of a Ship? Ship collision is the name given to the physical impact that occurs between two ships resulting in a damaging accident. This particular collision can also occur between a ship and a stable or a floating structure like an offshore drilling platform or an iceberg or even a port. In majority of such cases the impact is devastating.

6. The damage that such an accident causes cannot just be measured in terms of costing or money, in fact it goes beyond that. With the increase in the traffic on the high seas and the technological advancements in the marine engineering resulting in the development of heavy and huge ships with great speed, the risk of such accidents has increased a lot.

7. When a ship collision occurs it has immeasurable consequences. Firstly, the loss of life is always an irreparable damage and something that can never be compensated for. Unfortunately the possibilities of loss of life in such cases are very high.

8. Secondly, the environmental impact is very negative especially if any one of the vessels in the collision happens to carry any chemicals or any other harmful material that could be dangerous for marine life.

9. An oil tanker is a very good example of this and the world has seen many accidents involving a tanker. The oil spills not only create a biological crisis but also remainsdamaging for a very long timethereby resulting in financial losses to the tune of millions of dollars. In such cases the communities residing in the coastal area near the site of the ship collision suffer the most.

10. The next big sufferers are obviously the ownersof the ships or those who had some financial stakes in the two or any one of the vessels. Although there are laws that govern the calculation of the damage and the subsequent penalty, in any case the loss plus the financial penalty are huge setbacks to the owners.

11. And finally, the damage to the infrastructure is also something that has to be taken into consideration. Although in terms of the overall impact it is considered to be the least important at that point of time but later when the dust settles on the issue, the true extent of the loss is calculated and the infrastructure is in no way any less, especially if the ship collision occurred at any stable structure like the harbor or the offshore platforms etc.

12. Causes of ship collisions at sea • The causes of any ship collision are numerous. It could occur due to: • A blatant human error, be it an error in judgment or navigation or both. In fact in most cases this is the root-cause.

13. 2. In addition to this, any technical malfunction or mechanical failureof the system or machinery like the propulsion unit can also be a genuine cause. 3. And last but not the least an act of sabotage can also not be ruled out although this has not been the case in the majority of the cases thus far.

14. Ship collisionis the structural impact between two ships or one ship and a floating or still object such as an iceberg. Ship collisions are of particular importance in marine accidents. The impact of the accident: • 1. The loss of human life. • The environmental impact of oil spills, especially where large tanker ships are involved. • Financial consequences to local communities close to the accident. • The financial consequences to shipowners, due to ship loss or penalties. • Damage to coastal or off-shore infrastructure, for • example collision with bridges.

15. Due to extremely large masses and relatively high velocities the energy involved in such an accident is astonishing: the collision energy of a 10,000 tonne RoRo passenger at a speed of 30 knot, is equivalent to 10,000 cars of approximately 1 tonne each, impacting a small area with a speed of approximately 55km/h.)

16. An oil tanker and a bulk carrier collided territorial waters between Malaysia and Singapore on Tuesday morning, spilling an estimated 2,500 tonnes of oil, but traffic in Asia's busiest shipping lane was not affected (23/5/2010)The Malaysian flagged MT Bunga Kelana 3 was carrying about 62,000 tonnes of light crude oil.MISC on its website lists the Bunga Kelana 3 as an Aframax class tanker built in 1998 with a dead weight tonnage of 105,784. Singapore and Malaysia activated oil-spill response companies and a clean-up operation involving 20 craft was under way. There were no reports of injuries among the 50 crew members.

17. Ship Aground

18. Like all forms of modern mass transport, cruise liners are utterly dependent on complex electronic devices to steer them – and on electricity to run these systems. Without power, a ship is stricken and with reports suggesting that an explosion occurred in Concordia's engine room shortly before the ship ran aground, early analysis indicates power loss is likely to have been a key factor in the accident.

19. What Is Ship Grounding? Oceans are synonymous with great depths. There are oceans with depths, double the height of Mt. Everest. Similarly, there are some parts of oceans which are so shallow that you can easily walk through them. So what happens to a ship when it sails through such areas. Let's find out.

20. Ship groundingis a type of marine accident that involves the impact of a ship on the seabed, and may cause damage to the submerged part of her hull and particularly the bottom structure, potentially leading to water ingress and to compromise of the ship's structural integrity and stability. Grounding, even without initial damage, induces extreme loads onto marine structures and is a marine accident of profound importance due to its impact:

21. Impact on the ship Ship grounding leads to the impact of the bottom part of a ship onto the ocean bed, resulting in damage to the ship structure. A ship grounding can be of two types - Soft grounding and Wallop Grounding.

22. A soft grounding does not lead to adverse effects on a ship. But this doesn't mean it has to be completely neglected. Proper inspection needs to be made as soon as the ship reaches the nearest port. In case there is a doubt about the condition of the ship, it should be prevented from sailing till a thorough inspection is carried out by the experts or a classification society.

23. On the contrary, wallop grounding can lead to heavy damage to the hull and submerged part of the ship. • This might lead to serious cracks in the ship structure, resulting in water ingress followed by serious damage of the ship's structural integrity and causing major instability. • A heavy impact can induce a typical structural stresses and heavy loads on the ship, which can lead to a major accident. • Sometimes due to wallop grounding, the ship might completely lose its balance and become unstable, leading to the capsize.

24. What leads to grounding? • Human error has been the cause of most of the grounding accidents in the past. • An insufficient or improper information of the port or the navigational water ways has be the main cause of grounding accidents. • Sheer manoeuvring negligence and improper retaliations at the time of grounding has been the root cause of major accidents.

25. 3. Depending on the way the ship was being • maneuvered before it was grounded will decide • how the ship will be stranded after the • grounding. • Sometimes unknown rocks and coral reefs in the navigational waters have also been the result for grounding. • Grounding events in the past have caused heavy damage to the coral reefs.

26. Effects of Grounding If the grounding has resulted into a major marine accident, it can have outstanding adverse effects on both- the ship and the environment. Apart from the damage to the ship, grounding causes following effects: 1. If grounding has lead to a crack in the cargo hold of the ship(e.g. tankers), the cargo might find a way into the sea leading to heavy marine pollutionand thus causing detrimental effects on the environment and marine life.

27. If the situation becomes grave and • uncontrollable, it might lead to loss of • human life. • The coastal areas near the accident area • will be drastically affected by the leaked • cargo. • Heavy financial loss will be incurred by the • ship owner and communities near the • accident area.

28. Impact/Resulting /Lead to • The loss of human life. • The environmental impact, especially in the case where large tanker ships are involved. • Financial consequences to local communities close to the accident. • The financial consequences to ship-owners, due to ship loss or penalties. • The grounding, depending on the manoeuvre of the master before the impact, may result in the ship being stranded. Depending on the nature of the relief of the seabed at the location, i.e. being muddy or rocky, different measures have to be taken to release the ship and transport it to a safe harbour.

29. BEACHING

30. What is Beaching of the ship? Beaching is a process wherein during an emergency situation a ship is intentionally taken towards shallow waters and at last grounded. The word Beaching is used for such process because the type of emergency grounding is done only in those areas where the ground is of soft mud or sand (as in a Beach) in order to avoid damage to ship’s hull, propeller, rudder etc. Really test skills and ability of a ship’s captain is….. ………Beaching of the ship.

31. Why Beaching is done? • The three main reasons for which Beaching of ship is done are: • To prevent loss of ship due to flooding when there is major damage below the water line of the ship • To refloat the ship when satisfactory repair has • been doneand water tight integrity is restored • 3. In order to hand it over to the scrap yard

32. Procedure to Perform Beaching of Ship: • 1. Ballast the ship to its maximum capacity • Check where the damage wether it is more on bow side or stern side. Take all measure to avoid ship going parallel to the beach (throw weather anchor first) • If approaching from astern due to stern damage, drop • both the anchor at good distance so that they can assist • the vessel in heaving when going water • Sounding of all tanks must be done before and after • beaching