Essential Question :

1. Essential Question: • What were the success & failures of federal attempts to reconstruct the Union after the Civil War (1865-1877)? • Who wins the Civil War?

2. Carl Von Clausewitz • “War is the continuation of politics by other means.” • What does it mean?

3. The Successes of Reconstruction Based upon the image below, what was the major success of Reconstruction?

4. Successes of Reconstruction • Through Reconstruction, the national gov’t achieved Lincoln’s original goal: “Preserve the Union” • By 1870, all 11 Confederate states had been re-admitted into the United States • The states’ rights & nullification arguments came to an end

5. America at the End of Reconstruction (1877) America at the Start of the Civil War (1861)

6. Successes of Reconstruction • Reconstruction led to the end of slavery & protections for all citizens, including African-Americans: • 13th Amendment ended slavery • 14th Amendment guaranteed all citizens, regardless of race, equal protection under the law • 15thAmendmentgavevotingrights to African-American men

7. Successes of Reconstruction • Reconstructionwasthe“goldenage” of voting for African-Americans: • With the right to vote, military districts, & federal troops in the South to protect voters, African-Americanswereempowered • The first black politicians were elected to state & national offices • Republicans took control of state governments in the South

8. The First African-American Congressmen

9. The “Invisible Empire” of the South

10. The Failure of Federal Enforcement

11. Failures of Reconstruction Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, & Indian Ring scandals • …The inability of the federal gov’t to sustain Reconstruction • Corruption scandals during Grant’s presidency & economic recession in 1873 distracted northerners from Reconstruction • The Supreme Court ruled against civil rights laws designed to protect African-Americans

12. Failures of Reconstruction • …Supporting the return of the Democratic Party to state gov’ts: • The KKK & black codes became successful in limiting black voting • Federal troops & military districts had difficulty protecting blacks • One-by-one, Southern state gov’ts shifted from Republican control to the Democratic Party • These “Redeemer Democrats” hoped to restore the “Old South”

13. The Rise of “Redeemer Democrats” in the South

14. In 1877, Reconstruction ended: • The Democratic Party returned to power in all 11 Southern states • The only thing protecting blacks were federal troops; but by 1875, Grant had stopped sending reinforcements

15. The “Compromise of 1877”: • In the 1876 election, neither Democrat Tilden nor Republican Hayes won a majority of electoral vote • Democrats in Congress agreed to vote for Hayes if the remaining federal troops were withdrawn from the South

16. 1876 Presidential Election President Hayes removed federal troops & ended military zones Reconstruction officially ended in 1877

17. Jim Crow Era (1877 to 1954) • With Reconstruction over, the Jim Crow era began (1877-1954) • Jim Crow laws, such as literacy tests (reading requirements) & poll taxes (fees to vote) kept African-Americans from voting • Grandfatherclausesallowedpoor whites to avoid these laws & vote • In Plessy v Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court said segregation was OK (“separate but equal”)

18. “Jim Crow” South from 1877 to 1954

19. You will be writing a 5-paragraph Essay • The question you will answer  Who wins the Civil War? • Smaller questions and ideas you’ll need to keep in mind to answer the bigger question. • How is victory defined during the Civil War? • How does Abraham Lincoln define the goals of the war? • 2.How do you define freedom for freed slaves after the war? • Civil Liberties? • Economic Liberties? • 3. Does the North achieve their goals? • At the end of reconstruction does the South fulfill your ideas of freedom? • Use your notes from the Gettysburg Address and reconstruction to answer the questions above.