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The 1930s

CHAPTER 22 Hardship and Hope in the 1930s: The Great Depression. The 1930s. CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ.

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The 1930s

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  1. CHAPTER 22 Hardship and Hope in the 1930s: The Great Depression The 1930s CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

  2. “…not the working classes that brought on the economic crisis, it was the big boys that thought the financial drunk was going to last forever, and overbought, overmerged, and overcapitalized.” Will Rogers, 1934

  3. TIMELINE 1930 6 million unemployed Americans 1931 Scottsboro Boys case taken up by International Labor Defense 1932 Franklin Roosevelt wins Presidency Reconstruction Finance Corporation infuses economic institutions 1933 13 million unemployed Americans Civil Works Administration established Federal Emergency Relief Act Civilian Conservation Corps 1934 Indian Reorganization Act Old Age Revolving Pensions, Limited 1935 Social Security Act Huey P. Long fatally shot Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project Federal Theatre Project The Wagner Act Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) 1936 Strikes against General Motors

  4. HARDSHIP AND HOPE Overview • The Great Depression • Presidential Responses to the Depression • The New Deal • A New Political Culture

  5. THE GREAT DEPRESSION • Causes of the Crisis • “We Are Not Bums” • Surviving Hard Times • The Dust Bowl

  6. Causes of the Crisis • No safety net for the unemployed • Limited competition among corporations and small businesses failing • No savings, and great debt • Internationally, exports fall, and foreign nations unable to repay debts • Excessive profits and unequal distribution of wealth • Federal Reserve policies

  7. “We Are Not Bums” • 1930: 6 million Americans were unemployed. By 1933, 13 million Americans were unemployed • Changing gender roles • Families provide safety net

  8. Surviving Hard Times • 200,000 young men “riding the rails”: hobos • Scottsboro Boys trial • 1933: over 5% of farms were foreclosed on • African-American workers face fiercer discrimination in small job market • Mexican Americans depended on children’s wages • Work in canneries • Deportation of 500,000 Mexicans from 1931 to 1934

  9. The Dust Bowl • Drought in Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico (the Dust Bowl) • April 14, 1935: blown dust turned the skies black and killed livestock • Migration away from the Dust Bowl • Dorothea Lange, Woody Guthrie, John Steinbeck

  10. PRESIDENTIAL RESPONSES TO THE DEPRESSION • Herbert Hoover: Tackling the Crisis • Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Pragmatist • “Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself”

  11. Herbert Hoover: Tackling the Crisis • Emergency Committee for Employment • National Credit Corporation • Reconstruction Finance Corporation • Public works program • Hoover Dam • Morris Muscle Shoals Bill (dam for Tennessee River)

  12. Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Pragmatist • Old family with wealth, attended Harvard, and Columbia University law school • Admirer of cousin Theodore Roosevelt • Married to Theodore’s niece, Eleanor • New York State Senator • Assistant Secretary of the Navy • Victim of polio: resulted in March of Dimes founding

  13. “Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself” • March 4, 1932 inaugural address: “Nothing to fear but fear itself” • Fireside chats • Strengthening of federal government • Friend to the immigrant communities

  14. THE NEW DEAL • The First Hundred Days • Monumental Projects Transforming the Landscape • Protest and Pressure from the Left and the Right • Eleanor Roosevelt: Activist and First Lady • The Second New Deal • FDR’s Second Term

  15. The First Hundred Days • Prohibition repealed • Securities and Exchange Commission • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation • Civil Works Administration • Federal Emergency Relief Act • Civilian Conservation Corp • National Recovery Administration • National Labor Board • Tennessee Valley Authority • Indian Reorganization Act

  16. Areas Served by the Tennessee Valley Authority

  17. Monumental Projects Transforming the Landscape • 1930s: skyscrapers, bridges, dams, and monuments built—symbolized human and technological triumph in the midst of hardship • Electricity and irrigation provided to the arid West —Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee Dam • The Golden Gate Bridge • Construction began on Empire State Building, and Rockefeller Center • Mount Rushmore

  18. Protest and Pressure from the Left and the Right • Francis Townsend and the Old Age Revolving Pensions, Limited • Social Security Act of 1935 • Charles E. Coughlin • Radio show: The Golden House of the Little Flower, denounces New Deal as Communism, admirer of Hitler and Mussolini • Huey P. Long • U.S. Senator, Roosevelt critic, populist

  19. Eleanor Roosevelt: Activist and First Lady • Sad childhood, but education abroad helped her to develop strength and confidence • Married FDR, six children • Antilynching bill • Marian Anderson and the DAR • United Nations’ Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 • 1962: President’s Commission on the Status of Women

  20. The Second New Deal • The Social Security program: unemployment insurance and relief for the needy • The Works Progress Administration • Federal Art Project • Federal Theatre Project

  21. FDR’s Second Term • FDR won overwhelmingly second term (Electoral vote: 523 to 8) • Supreme Court proposal defeated • FDR proposed appointing one new justice for every one on the court who had at least 10 years of service and who did not retire within six months after turning 70

  22. A NEW POLITICAL CULTURE • The Labor Movement • The New Deal Coalition • A New Americanism

  23. The Labor Movement • Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) as part of the American Federation of Labor • John L. Lewis and Sidney Hillman • Sit-down strikes—began in Akron Ohio • General Motors strikes • Several cities, violence broke out but governor of Michigan and President Roosevelt refused to send in National Guard.. • Women participated in strikes as well as men

  24. The New Deal Coalition • Northern African Americans switch to the Democratic Party • Executive Order 7046 bans discrimination in WPA • Latinos and the El Congreso de Pueblos de Habla Español

  25. A New Americanism • A new diverse, inclusive country • Arts reflect common man • Movies challenged gender and class hierarchies • Sports diversified: DiMaggio, Joe Louis, • Women heroines: Earhart, Helen Wills, Babe Didriskon

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