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CHAPTER #1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

CHAPTER #1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER . WHAT IS DATA?. DATA Data is a plural word and its singular form is datum ‘Datum’ is a Latin word meaning “something given” Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc., which can be processed by computer

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CHAPTER #1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

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  1. CHAPTER #1INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

  2. WHAT IS DATA? • DATA • Data is a plural word and its singular form is datum • ‘Datum’ is a Latin word meaning “something given” • Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc., which can be processed by computer • Data is a collection of facts made up of text, numbers and dates: Murray 35000 7/18/86 • Any raw collection of facts and figures which is not meaningful to the user is called data

  3. TYPES OF DATA • There are three types of data to be entered in the computer: • Alphabetic Data: • Capital letters from A-Z, and small letters from a-z. • Numeric Data: • Decimal numbers from 0-9, decimal point notations. • Alphanumeric Data: Alphabetic, numeric and special characters/symbols.

  4. WHAT IS INFORMATION? • INFORMATION • Processed or meaningful form of data is called information, like "Farhan, 40" are two data items, but "Farhan is now 40 years old" is an information • example Mr. Murray is a sales person whose annual salary i$35,000 and whose hire date is July 18, 1986

  5. WHAT IS A COMPUTER The word computer is derived from the word compute which means to calculate something With this meaning a computer is considered to be a calculating device that performs the arithmetic operations at enormous speed Now-a-days computer is not just the calculating device but it can perform many operations, so we can define as: “Computer is an electronic device that processes data, converting it into information that is useful to people”.

  6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers What are the advantages of using computers? Reliability Speed Consistency Storage Communications Next p. 5

  7. WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS? Next Violation ofPrivacy Impact onLabor Force Health Risks Impact onEnvironment p. 5

  8. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER SPEED A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a few seconds the amount of work that a human can do in a day ACCURACY Every task is performed by computer with same accuracy. Errors may occur in computer due to human DILIGENCE Human beings get bored from work on the same thing for a long time and also tired. But the case is not same with computers, a computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration

  9. Characteristics of Computer (Cont..) VERSATILITY A computer is capable of performing almost any task. It just requires the particular software to perform that task POWER OF REMEMBERING A computer can store and recall even after several years any amount of information because of its storage capability NO FEELINGS Computers are devoid of emotions. They have no feelings I.Q A human think with their mind that what is right for them and what is not. While a machine has no I.Q. But programmers are trying to make computer an intelligent machine.

  10. BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER Computers did not suddenly arrive. The research on the computer technology is a process of hundreds of years and is still in progress The latest computer is the result of several minds. The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate

  11. Brief History of Computer (Cont..) There are five generations of computers First Generation (1940-1956) Second Generation (1956-1963) Third Generation (1964-1971) Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

  12. First Generation (1940-1956) In this generation of computer vacuum tube was used for circuitry These computers were very large in size, taking up entire rooms They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat First generation computers relied on machine language The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) and ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator) computers are examples of first-generation computing devices Brief History of Computer (Cont..)

  13. Vacuum Tubes in First Generation

  14. ENIAC Computer

  15. UNIVAC Computer

  16. 2.Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers The transistor was invented by Bardeen in 1947 . Through the use of transistors the second generation computers were much faster and more reliable than the first generation of computers Second-generation computers moved from machine language to symbolic, or assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words Brief History of Computer (Cont..)

  17. TRANSISTORS First Transistor

  18. IBM-7094 Computer

  19. 3.Third Generation (1964-1971) The development of the integrated circuit was the main achievement of the third generation of computers An Integrated Circuit (IC) or a chip is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material (transistor) The earliest ICs used a technology called SSI (Small Scale Integration contain up to 100 transistors) and MSI (Medium Scale Integration contain 100-3000 transistors) The third generation computers were smaller, more efficient and more reliable than their predecessor were Brief History of Computer (Cont..)

  20. Integrated Circuit

  21. 4.Fourth Generation (1971-Present) The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic components per chip During this the first microprocessor the Intel 4004 was developed and was followed by VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration contain 100,000 to 1,000,000) ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 million electronic components per chip Brief History of Computer (Cont..)

  22. First Microprocessor Intel 4004

  23. Fourth Generation First PC

  24. 5.Fifth Generation (Present-Beyond) Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today, Expert System, Robots etc. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization Brief History of Computer (Cont..)

  25. Intelligence the ability to learn and understand. Artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science. It is the study how to make computer to do things more and more better than human. Expert system is an intelligent computer program which consists of some knowledge about particular field, then using this knowledge ,it provide the answer to those people who don’t have any access to the experts in that particular field.

  26. TYPES OF COMPUTER 1.ACCORDING TO HARDWARE AND FUNCTIONS 2. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE 3. ACCORDING TO SIZE 3. ACCORDING TO USE

  27. 1..THERE ARE THREE BASIC TYPES OF COMPUTER ACCORDING TO HARDWARE AND FUNCTION. • ANALOG COMPUTER • DIGITAL COMPUTER • HYBRID COMPUTER

  28. ANALOG COMPUTER Analog computer is used to process analog data Analog data is a continuous and having an infinite variety of values Such type of data include temperature, pressure, speed, weight, voltage, depth etc. Examples of analog computer are Speedometer of car, Thermometer etc. Analog computers are faster Types of Computer (Cont..)

  29. 2. DIGITAL COMPUTER A digital computer as its name implies works with digits to represent numerals, letters or other special symbols A digital computer process digital data Digital data is a discrete data and having only two possible values (0, 1) Digital computer provide accurate results but they are slower than analog computer Analog computers lack memory whereas digital computers store information Types of Computer (Cont..)

  30. 3. HYBRID COMPUTER A hybrid computer is a combination of digital and analog computers and it combines the best features of both types of computers For example a petrol pump contains a processor that converts fuel flow measurement into quantity and price Hybrid computer is used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient Hybrid Computers are also used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes Types of Computer (Cont..)

  31. GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER Most computers in use today are general purpose computers These are built for a great variety of processing jobs SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER A special computer as the name implies is designed to perform a specific operation Special purpose computers are also known as dedicated computers Such computers would be useful in games, control traffic lights, weather prediction etc. • 2..Types of Computer (w.r.t. purpose)

  32. 3..TYPES OF COMPUTER (W.R.T. SIZE) 1.MAINFRAME COMPUTERS Mainframe computers are large in size, expensive and more powerful system The largest mainframes can handle the processing needs of thousands of users at any given moment Mainframe computers are used in large organizations, such as insurance companies, banks, universities, and international markets, where many people need to use the same data

  33. In a traditional mainframe environment, each user accesses the mainframe’s resources through a device called a terminal • Examples of mainframe computers are IBM-4381, ICL-2900, and NEC 610 etc.

  34. Mainframe Computers

  35. 2. MINICOMPUTERS First released in the 1960s, minicomputers got their name because of their small size compared to other computers of the day The capabilities of a minicomputer are somewhere between those of mainframes and personal computers. For this reason, minicomputers are often called midrange computers Powerful Minicomputers can serve the input and output needs of hundreds of users at a time Users can access a central minicomputer through a terminal or a standard PC Examples of mini computers are PRIME-9755 and IBM System 36 etc.

  36. MINI COMPUTER

  37. 3.SUPERCOMPUTERS Supercomputers are the most powerful computers made, and physically they are some of the largest These systems can process huge amount of data, and the fastest supercomputers can perform more than one trillion calculations per second Supercomputers are ideal for handling large and highly complex problems that require extreme calculating power Supercomputers are used for forecasting the weather, oil exploration, film imagery, and modeling complex processes like nuclear fission Examples of supercomputers are CRAY-1 and CYBER-20

  38. Super Computer

  39. 4..TYPES OF COMPUTERS ACCORDINGTO USE 1.INDIVIDUAL USE 2.ORGANIZATIONAL USE

  40. 1.INDIVIDUAL USE • Most computers are meant to be used by only one person at a time • Such computers are often shared by several people, but only one user can work with the machine at any given moment • Such type of computers are examples of Personal Computers (PCs) • Personal Computers are also called microcomputers, because they are among the smallest computers created for people to use

  41. The six primary types of computers in this category are: >> Desktop Computers >> Workstations >> Notebook Computers >> Tablet Computers >> Handheld Computers >> Smart Phones

  42. DESKTOP COMPUTERS The most common type of personal computer is the desktop computer A PC that is designed to sit on a desk or table These computer not only enable people to do their jobs with greater ease and efficiency, but they can be used to communicate, produce music, edit photographs and videos, play sophisticated games, and much more As its name implies, a desktop computer is a full-size computer that is too big to be carried around The main component of a desktop PC is the system unit, which is the case that houses the computer’s critical parts, such as its processing and storage devices

  43. DESKTOP COMPUTERS There are two common designs for desktop computers The more traditional desktop model features a horizontally oriented system unit, which usually lies flat on the top of the user’s desk Many users place their monitor on top of the system unit

  44. DESKTOP COMPUTERS Vertically oriented tower models have become the more popular style of desktop system The design allows the user to place the system unit next to or under the desk

  45. WORKSTATIONS A workstation is a specialized, single user computer that typically has more power and features than a standard desktop PC These machines are popular among scientists, engineers, and animators who need a system with greater-than average speed and the power to perform sophisticated tasks Workstations often have large, high resolution monitors and accelerated graphics handling capabilities

  46. NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS Notebook computers, as their name implies, approximate the shape of an 8.5-by-11 inch notebook and easily fit inside a briefcase Because people frequently set these devices on their lap, they are also called laptop computers Notebooks are fully functional microcomputers and they are portable

  47. TABLET PCS The tablet PC is the newest development in portable, full-featured computers Tablet PCs offer all the functionality of a notebook PC, but they are lighter and can accept input from a special pen-called a stylus or a digital pen-that is used to tap or write directly on the screen Many Tablet PCs also have a built-in microphone and special software that accepts input from the user’s voice

  48. HANDHELD PCS Handheld personal computers are computing devices small enough to fit in your hand A popular type of handheld computer is the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) A PDA is no larger than a small appointment book and is normally used for special applications, such as taking notes, displaying telephone numbers and addresses Many PDAs let the user access the Internet through a wireless connection, and several models offer features such as cellular telephone, and cameras etc.

  49. SMART PHONES Some phones offer advanced features not typically found in cellular phones, they are sometimes called smart phones These features can include Web and e-mail access, special software such as personal organizers, or special hardware such as digital cameras

  50. 2.COMPUTERS FOR ORGANIZATIONS Some computers handle the needs of many users at the same time These powerful systems are most often used by organizations, such as businesses or schools, and are commonly found at the heart of the organization’s network The largest organizational computers support thousands of individual users at the same time, from thousands of miles away These computer are: Network Servers Mainframe Computers Minicomputers Supercomputers

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