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ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION IN ANIMALS

ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION IN ANIMALS. Complex animals must respond rapidly. It is important that the change is detected instantly and to specific parts of the body. ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION. Relays messages at speeds of up to 100 mt. per second.

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ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION IN ANIMALS

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  1. ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION IN ANIMALS Complex animals must respond rapidly. It is important that the change is detected instantly and to specific parts of the body.

  2. ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION • Relays messages at speeds of up to 100 mt. per second. • Nervous system transmits messages using electrical impulses. • Signals are detected by receptor molecules (proteins). The message is transferred within the cells, leading to a response. • The signal is also controlled to serve it’s purpose.

  3. NEURONES – specific pathways for electrical signals.

  4. NEURONES • Sensory Neurones – transmit messages from receptor to CNS. • Motor Neurones – transmit impulses from CNS to effector. • Connector Neurones – relay messages between neurones. • Billions of neurones make up the system. They differ in shape and structure.

  5. A TYPICAL NEURONE • A typical neurone consists of a cell body (nucleus). • Extending from the cell body are dendrites (branching extensions that receive signals and conduct then toward the cell body) and axons (transmit signals away from the cell body). • Adjacent neurones do not touch each other, between them is a synaptic cleft. • The connection between the axon is the synapse.

  6. http://images.google.com.au/images?hl=en&q=Nerve+cell+diagram&cr=countryAU&um=1&ie=UTF-8http://images.google.com.au/images?hl=en&q=Nerve+cell+diagram&cr=countryAU&um=1&ie=UTF-8

  7. THE SIGNALrefer to figure 4.26 – page 124 • The message is initiated by opening up ion channels in the cell membrane – allowing movement of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane. • The cell membrane of an axon is polarised (potential difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the cell). • An axon at resting potential is negatively charged inside relative to the outside.

  8. To attain the polarised state the pumps in the cell membrane actively pumps sodium ions out of and potassium ions into the cell. • An excess of sodium ions accumulate outside and potassium ions inside. This difference results in the inside negative relative to the outside. • When the electrical impulse arrives – membrane is depolarised reversing the resting potential, this is called action potential.

  9. As the sodium ions enter, the potassium ions begin to leave – the recovery process begins. • Sodium-potassium pump mechanism restores polarisation by pumping out sodium ions and pumping back in potassium ions to achieve the distribution of ions that normally exists when the axon is at rest – resting potential.

  10. http://www.jdaross.cwc.net/intronerv3.htm • http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images2/661synapse.gif • http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/speech/units/sph302/neuroling/index.html

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