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  1. Making Cultural Clusters: New Strategies for Culture-led Urban RedevelopmentDr. CHEN, Yun-ChungAssistant Professor, Division of Social Science, HKUSTDr. SZETO, May MiranaAssistant Professor, Comparative Literature, HKUNote: This research is supported by the CPU(Project No.: HKUST6001-PPR-3)

  2. Outline • 1. What is a Cultural Cluster? • The typology of cultural clusters • The advantage of “sticking together” • 2. Example: the cultural clusters in Central • The Art Gallery cluster • The strengths and weaknesses • 3. New Strategies

  3. Industrial Cluster – the original idea • The idea of industrial cluster comes from Ahfred Marshall • The advantage of “external economy of scale” • Cut production cost (flexible specialization) • Cut transportation cost (proximity) • Shared infrastructure (e.g. trade fair; trade association; training school; collaborative R&D) • Shared human resources (save retraining cost) • Collective Innovation (synergy through interaction)

  4. Industrial Clusters in the Third Italy

  5. Cultural Cluster • Narrow definition – industries that produce cultural products • Large and Highly Industrialized sectors: Hollywood in Los Angeles; Fashion Design in New York • Small & Medium sized & low industrialized sectors: The Movie industry, Jewelry industries, Lee Tung Street Wedding Card Printing Industry in Hong Kong • Broad definition: • “a system of relations set in a territorially-bounded area, which integrates the process of valorisation of material and immaterial cultural resources with infrastructures and different productive sectors associated to the process itself”

  6. Typology of Cultural Clusters • 1. Cultural Infrastructure:museum cluster in Tsim Sha Tsui, West Kowloon Cultural District • 2. Artist Village (Cultural Production): Cattle Depot, Fotan in Shatin, JCACC • 3. Art Bazaar (Cultural Consumption) : Galleries and Antique stores in Central • 4. Government’s “themed-mall style” urban redevelopment :“Garden of the Marriage” in Wanchai and “Old Shop Street” in Central • 5. Community settlement preservation: Open wet-market preservation in Wanchai and Central

  7. The advantage of “sticking together” • 1. External economy of scale – flexible production • 2. Brand effect – attract more customers • 3. Competition & cooperation – specialization • 4. Shared Infrastructure – e.g. rehearsal room • 5. Shared human resources – retain talent • 6. Collective Innovation – R&D center • 7. Collective Advocacy –trade association • 8. Community building – localization  cultural identity

  8. Cultural Clusters in Central • 1. Cultural infrastructures? • 2. Artist ‘Village’：Resident art groups in and around Sheung Wan Civic Centre • 3. Art Bazzar：Galleries, Antique stores • 4. “Themed-mall style” urban redevelopment: Old Shop Street • 5. Community settlement preservation : The Edinburgh Place complex; Central Police Station; Graham Street/Peel Street wet-market

  9. Art Bazaar : Galleries in Central

  10. Distribution of Galleries in Hong Kong Source: Art Walk 2009, compiled by Jeff Leung

  11. Artists featured in the Galleries *Over 70% of the artwork by artists from a particular region\ Source: Art Walk 2009, compiled by Jeff Leung

  12. Why Central? • 1) Clients concentrated in Central : FIRE sectors (Finance, Insurance and Real Estate) • 2) Lively business district: good shopping spot • 3) Near traditional markets • 4) High ceiling (tenement houses)

  13. Weaknesses and Strengths • 1. External economy of scale – X X • 2. Brand effect – attract more customers √ √ √ • 3. Competition & cooperation – cooperation X • 4. Shared Infrastructure – • Asia Art Archive, Art Walk, Art Map; Auction House √ • Ambience of built environment √ √ √ • 5. Shared human resources – retain talent X • 6. knowledge spillover – gallery operators will attend openings of other galleries √ • 7. Collective Advocacy –trade association X X • 8. Community building – local identity X

  14. How to strengthen the cluster? • Collective advocacy: • Hong Kong Art Fair (TDC) • Arts Festival (Hong Kong Tourism Board) • Joint Promotion & R&D (Gallery Association; Gallery-Antique alliance (cross-sector alliance)) • Preserve the ambience and cultural diversity • Actively participate in: • Graham Street / Peel Street Wet-market & Central Police Stationpreservation • Alternative redevelopment strategies (rethinking further soho-ization) • Localization: Build community identity together with residents

  15. Implications for the WKCD – are we ready? • Embedded in the local & regional neighborhoods vs. Segregation • Integrate with large West Kowloon districts • Full accessibility • Networks of squares and green belts • Networks of cultural facilities and spaces • Art production (Artist village / AIR) • Art education base • Small private art venue

  16. URA’s themed-mall plan – Old Shop Street

  17. Alternative proposal

  18. Alternative Proposal

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