SOURCES OF WATER Rain water Root top Other collection system * Surface Water Rivers and Streams

MEETING WATER QUALITY SPECIFICATION • SOURCES OF WATER • Rain water • Root top • Other collection system • * Surface Water • Rivers and Streams • Lakes and Ponds • Oceans and Seas • * Ground Water • Natural Spring • Wells.

INTER-RELATION OF VARIOUS SOURCES OF WATER - Water Cycle • Occurrence of water in the Geological Formation • COMPACT Rock • Permeability Rock • Rate of Water Movement • Friction • Gradient • Nature of Rock • Driving Force

QUALITY SPECIFICATION • DOMESTIC • High Degree of Purity • Chlorination • Sterilization

INDUSTRIAL • WATER TREATMENT • WATER AND USES • Domestic • Industrial • Fish Farming • Power Generation • Recreation

TREATMENT • - Pretreatment (Equalization, neutralization, grease and oil removal) • - Primary Treatment- (Screens, gravity sedimentation, chemical • precitate) • Secondary Treatment (Biological) • Physical- Chemical treatment (adsorption, ion-exchange, stripping • chemical oxidization)

PROCESS SELECTION • Determination of sources of water • Consideration of existing water • Evaluation of the objective • Considering all constrain • Determination of economic involvement • Recommend the most • APPROPRIATE STANDARDS • Identification of toxic compounds • Operators of treatment plants • Determination of the technology of the process • Master plan of the water treatment • FACTOR TO CONSIDER IN PROCESS SELECTION • Economical • Capacity • Technology • Environmental factor

RELEVANCE • Reliance • Ability and willingness • Ability to cope • FAILURE OF WATER TREATMENT STRATEGIES • Failure to consider local condition • Lack of knowledge • Uncharacterized flow and road region • Inadequate data • Problem of maintenance • PRODUCED WATER FOR RE-INJECTION • SOURCE • Reservoirs • From producing reservoir • SOURCE • Land • Surface water • Subsurface

LEGISLATION AGAINST DISPOSAL • Government Agencies • FEPA • Environmental ministries fed • State governments • COMPOSITION • Varies from field to field basically • Heavy metals • Residual oil • Rationalizes • Dissolved oxygen • Treatment chemical • Total dissolved solid • TABLE 2A: PAGE 48b • Treatment

WATER TREATMENT FOR INJECTION • SOURCE • Already discussed • RELEVANT PARAMETER • Dissolved oxygen (DO) • Suspended Solid (SS) • Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) • Ph • Metals • Pesticides • Total organic carbon

COMPOSITION OF RAW WATER • COMPARISON OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER • SOURCES OF WATER FOR INJECTION • Brine and fresh water • Laves • Rivers • Seas • Ocean • Produced water

SUMMARY OF PROBLEM • Corrosion • Scale formation • Solid component • Bacteria • Residual oil • CORROSION • Cause • PH • Dissolved gases (Co2 O2 H2S) • Results • Destruction of equipment • Loss of injection control • Plugging

SCALE FORMATION • Causes • Chemicals (CaCo3 CaSo4 Baso4) • Results • Plugging • Equipment wear • Restriction of flow • WATER QUALITY • Causes • Poor water treatment efficiency • Corrosion • Results • Formation plugging • BACTERIAL ACTION • Causes • Colony formation • Growth • Result • Corrosion • Formation plugging

BACTERIAL ACTION • Causes • Colony formation • Growth • Result • Corrosion • Formation plugging • OIL RESIDUE • Causes • Coating of solid particles • Result • Corrosion • - Formation plugging • TREATMENT

SOURCES OF WATER Rain water Root top Other collection system * Surface Water Rivers and Streams