Announcements

1. Announcements • HW: Reflection Paper (Due Friday) Finish Reading Ch 16/notes for exam • Exam: Monday! • 10 Short Answer 5 pts • 5 Short Essay 10 pts

2. Exam Corrections • DUE Wed. April 14th • Turn into black tray on desk • Answer/correct missed questions in COMPLETE sentences –provide where found in notes (be specific) OR pg. number from book

3. Exam: Chapter 16 • Open Note: • On loose leaf paper • Ok-use class notes… • But, you will be asked questions not covered in class from your readings • You CANNOT use Review Worksheet!! • Exam: Will consist of ONLY Short answer/short essay/essay

4. Reflection Paper • One Page/Double Spaced/Typed/No spacing in the header/ turn in to turnitin.com John Paul II: "Jesus Christ ALONE is the adequate and final answer to the supreme question about the meaning of life and history!" Do you think that the Church needs to, once again, make it her primary mission to remind her followers that Jesus is indeed the final answer about the meaning of Life? Why or why not? OR Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Why or Why not?

5. Chapter 16 The Church and the Age of the Enlightenment

6. After the Reformation … • Monarchs assumed absolute power • New philosophy developed: power of reason replaced religious beliefs

7. The Age of the Enlightenment • Political authority traditional / philosophy/ value of the Church challenged • Guiding light of Divine Revelation/ Church's Teaching authority was dismissed

8. The Age of the Enlightenment Church had to figure out a way to prove, as sated by Pope John Paul II, that: "Jesus Christ ALONE is the adequate and final answer to the supreme question about the meaning of life and history!"

9. King Louis’ France Part I

10. King Louis XIV: The Sun King • 1643 ( 5 yrs old) became King • Wanted full control (Fronde/ war and advisor) • "I am the State"

11. King Louis XIV: • Only subject to God • Authentic spirituality • Discontent for the Church arose over administration • Everyone should be under his direct rule

12. Gallicanism (France) • Phillip IV asserted independence from Rome • Charles VII declared independence (Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges) • Pope Leo X persuaded Francis I to abolish it

13. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges • General Church Council (superior to the pope) to be held every ten years • Election of ecclesiastical offices • Prohibited pope from bestowing/ profiting from, benefices • Limited appeals to Rome

14. The Four Gallican Articles • King Louis XIV • The king of France is independent of the pope in temporal matters • General council has full authority • All bishops nominated must be appointed by the pope • Articles dismissed by the papacy

15. Jansenism • Bishop of Ypres (Cornelius Jansen) • St. Augustine’s understanding of Grace • Adapted a Calvinist approach • Man is entirely free in state of innocence / will tend to do what is right • Original sin made man a slave to sin • Only hope is God’s grace

16. Jansenism • God only gives salvific grace to a select few • Christ did not die for all men • Only the predestined should receive communion • Condemned by Pope Innocent X • Louis XIV: heresy threatened his authority/ condemned it

17. Quietism • Man's highest perfection consists in a psychical self-annihilation and a consequent absorption of the soul into the Divine Essence (even during the present life)

18. Quietism • Miguel Molinos • Absolute passivity • Soul should be indifferent to everything (should rest on God) • God allowed demons to perform sinful acts • Personal prayer and sacraments are unnecessary

19. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes • King Louis XIV • Denounced Calvinism/ Huguenot • Pope condemned move made by King -to promote tolerance

20. The Stewart Kings of England Part II

21. Persecution of the Irish • Henry VIII • To rid the isle of Catholicism • Bishops/Priests executed and exiled • Masses/ Gaelic language forbidden

22. James I • “Plantations” built to serve as “Catholic Free” land • Goal: to “breed out” Catholics

23. Oliver Cromwell • Conducted military campaign in Ireland • Goal: to kill 1/3 of the Catholics and have the other 1/3 enslaved

24. “Popish Plot” • Catholics accused of plotting a French invasion of England • Led to the renewal of Catholic Persecutions

25. The Rise of Parliament • James II (Catholic) had son Baptized- looked upon as a threat to England • “Right to Revolution” - John Locke • Bloodless “Glorious Revolution”

26. “Right to Revolution” • John Locke • Under natural law, all people have the right to life/liberty/estate • People can begin a revolution against the government that acts against the interests of citizens, to replace it with one that serves the interests of citizens • Revolution is an obligation • Revolution acts as a safeguard against tyranny

27. Bloodless “Glorious Revolution” • James II was forced to leave the throne William of Orange and Mary (Protestant) • Parliament heavily taxed itself • Funds used to centralize the Government new rulers

28. Act of Settlement • Barred Catholics from politics • Catholics prohibited from sitting on the throne

29. Test Acts • No Catholic could practice a profession • No Catholic can attend a university within the British Isles

30. The Scientific Revolution and the Age of the Enlightenment Part III

31. The Enlightenment • Intellectual Movement • Enthusiasm for science • Study of science and nature could correct all problems in/of society • Skepticism- anything that cannot be explained by science is rejected/disdain

32. The Enlightenment • “Divorcing” the Church • Rationalism became guiding philosophy • Church became energy- just an institution of superstition

33. Descartes • Mathematician • Discourse on Method • Worked to describe the world mathematically in order to gain absolute certainty • Human knowledge flawed/ “systematic doubt” • Father of Modern Philosophy

34. Descartes • Ones existence certain • “Cogito ergo sum” (Discourse on Method) • Influenced by St. Augustine • The rational was placed first…not the Divine)

35. DescartesMediations on First Philosophy • Idea of God is Innate and placed in us by God • Rejected the possibility that the idea of God is Invented

36. Meditations on First Philosophy Mediation II: Concerning God, That He Does Exist • Something cannot come from nothing • The cause of an idea must have at least as much formal reality as the idea has objective reality. • I have in me an idea of God. This idea has infinite objective reality. • I cannot be the cause of this idea, since I am not an infinite and perfect being. I don't have enough formal reality. Only an infinite and perfect being could cause such an idea.

37. Meditations on First Philosophy Mediation II: Concerning God, That He Does Exist • So God — a being with infinite formal reality — must exist (and be the source of my idea of God). • An absolutely perfect being is a good, benevolent being. • So God is benevolent. • So God would not deceive me and would not permit me to error without giving me a way to correct my errors.

38. Meditations on First Philosophy Mediation II: Concerning God, That He Does Exist • I exist. • My existence must have a cause. • The cause must be either: • Myself , My always having existed, My parents, Something less perfect than God, or God

39. Meditations on First Philosophy Mediation II: Concerning God, That He Does Exist • It Cannot be Myself. If I had created myself, I would have made myself perfect. • It Cannot mean that I have always existed. This does not solve the problem. If I am a dependent being, I need to be continually sustained by another.

40. Meditations on First Philosophy Mediation II: Concerning God, That He Does Exist • It Cannot be my Parents This leads to an infinite regress. • It cannot be something less perfect than God. The idea of perfection that exists in me cannot have originated from a non-perfect being. • Therefore, God exists!

41. Descartes Concludes… • A perfect being could not have been caused by anything less than a perfect being • Blaise Pascal (philosopher): "I cannot forgive Descartes; in all his philosophy he did his best to dispense with God. But he could not avoid making Him set the world in motion with a flip of His thumb; after that he had no more use for God."

42. Sir Francis Bacon • Knowledge leads to the ability to control nature /the wealth & comfort of civilization • Practical advancements improve life • Knowledge originates from observations

43. Sir Francis Bacon • Empiricism: the view that experience (senses) is the only source of knowledge. • NovumOrganum: Challenged scientists to embrace a scientific method based on observation/ experience

44. A New Understanding of the Universe • Ptolemaic Model (Earth centered) • Copernicus (Earth is NOT the center) • Kepter: primary motion –math explains the movement of the planets

45. Galileo • “Scientific Method” • Observations contradicted S.S. • Condemned by the Church • Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World: defended Copernicus/ridiculed the Church

46. Galileo • Refused Papacy’s request to present work which led to his arrest • Pope John Paul II pardoned him for his treatment/not for his theories….

47. Pope John Paul II • “Both religion and science must preserve their own autonomy and their distinctiveness. Religion is not founded on science nor is science an extension of religion. Each should possess its own principles, its pattern of procedures, its diversities of interpretation and its own conclusions. . . . While each can and should support the other as distinct dimensions of a common human culture, neither ought to assume that it forms a necessary premise for the other”

48. The Protagonists of the Enlightenment and Its Effects Part IV

49. Deism • Knowledge based on human reason • Denied Divine Intervention • Faith and prayer are unnecessary – ONLY guide the individual • God’s laws and guiding principles are left up to man’s discovery

50. Deism: Philosophes • Rejected Divine Revelation/ supernatural religion • Believed that all knowledge needs to be based on demonstration through human reason