Foundations and Early History of Clinical Psychology

2. Foundations and Early History of Clinical Psychology

3. Lecture Preview • Early Conceptions of Mental Illness: Mind and Body Paradigms • The Founding of Clinical Psychology • The Influence of Binet’s Intelligence Test • The Influence of Sigmund Freud in America • The American Psychological Association and Early Clinical Psychology • The Influence of World War I • Clinical Psychology between World Wars I and II • The Influence of World War II

4. Early Conceptions of Mental Illness: Mind and Body Paradigms • Clinicalpsychology has borrowed from philosophical,medical, and scientific advancesthroughout the centuries. • In this chapter, we’ll trace the history and development of clinical psychology, from ancient times until World War I.

5. Mind and Body Paradigms Several Greek thinkers were essential in the early development of integrative approaches to illness, and were pioneer to a biopsychosocial perspective. According to them, the gods controlled both health and illness. Greeks didn’t believe supernaturalinfluences. The mind and body were closely interrelated.

6. Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.) • Disease was primarily the result of an imbalance in four bodily fluids including black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. The relationship between them determined personality.

7. too much yellow bile resulted in a choleric (angry, irritable) temperament, • too much black bile resulted in a melancholic (sadness, hopelessness) personality.

8. Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.) He was sensitive to interpersonal, psychological, and stress factorsthat contribute to problem behavior. He helped to move from a spiritualistic toward a more naturalistic view or model of health and illness. Biological, psychological, and social factors all contribute to both physical and emotional illness → early biopsychosocial perspective

9. Plato (427–347 B.C.) • saw the spirit or soulas being in charge of the body and that problemsin the soul could result in physicalillness.

10. Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) • maintained a scientific emphasis. • Treatmentfor mental problems should includetalking and the use of logic. • The use of logic is one of themajor principles of CBT.

11. Galen of Pergamum(A.D. 130–200) • Galen also used the balance between the four bodily fluids. • Brain was thecenter of sensation and reason.

12. Vomiting totreat depression and bloodletting to treat diseases werecommon treatments. Above photograph was taken in British Museum by Bahar Baştuğ.

13. The Middle Ages (500–1450) • temporarily derailed from this scientific way, • the focus on supernatural influences • “insanity” were caused by spiritual matters such as the influence of demons, witches, and sin.

14. Healing and treatmentin Middle Age • Became a spiritualrather than a medical way. • People whowere “insane” weretreated by exorcism. • Some were chained to church walls; some were torturedand killed. • In 1484, Pope approved thepersecution of “witches.” • 150,000people were executed in the name of religion.

16. The photograph was taken in Girne Museum by Bahar Baştuğ.

17. Trepanation The photographs were taken in Samsun Archaeological Museum by Bahar Baştuğ.

18. Malleus maleficarum (1510) • written by two Dominican priests was witch-hunt manuals.

19. Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) there was both theological truth and scientific truth. He claimed that mental illnessmust have a physical cause.

20. Paracelsus (1490–1541) • A Swiss physician • suggested that various movements of the stars, moon, and planets influenced mood and behavior. • Paracelsus focused on the biological foundations of mental illness and developed humane treatments.

21. The Renaissance (14th–17th centuries) New discoveries in chemistry, physics, biology, and mathematics revealed. The emphasis on scientific observation and experimentation rather than mythology, religious beliefs, and dogma provided a model for future research. New medical discoveries resulted in biomedical approach that disease, including mental illness, could be understood by scientific observation and experimentation rather than beliefs about mind and soul.

22. Descartes (1596–1650) • A French philosopher • argued that the mind and body were separate. >> dualism of mind and body Mental illness was often considered a disease of the brain, and the insane was treated using the medical orientation.

23. Bedlam Despite the medical developments, treatment was bad. St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital in London— Bedlam (1547) was opened. Cures included ice water (hydrotherapy) and bloodletting. Above photograph was taken in British Museum by Bahar Baştuğ.

24. The Nineteenth Century Many advances allowed for a more sophisticated understanding of the relationship between body and mind in both health and illness. Disease and illness could be attributed to dysfunction at the cellular level.

25. The nineteenth-century discovery that germs or microorganisms can cause disease have continued to support the “Cartesian dualism” perspective of Descartes. • Dualism was softened due to theinfluence of a belief that the mind and body were connected, not separate.

26. Franz Mesmer (1734 – 1815) An Austrian physician, noticed that many people experiencing paralysis, deafness, and blindness had no biomedical pathology, leaving psychological causes suspect.

27. Claude Bernard (1813–1878) • argued forthe role of psychological factors in physical illness.

28. Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893) a French physician, used hypnosis to treat a wide variety of conversion disorders such as paralysis, blindness, deafness without apparent physical cause.

30. Philippe Pinel (1745 - 1826) Pinel found moral therapy to treat patients as humanely as possible and encouraged the nurturance of interpersonal relationships. He improved the living conditions and treatment approaches used by mental hospitals.

32. Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) • a Massachusettsschool teacher, • During the Civil War, she acted as the head nurse for the Union Military. • worked to improve treatment conditions for thementally ill in the USA.

34. Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) German physician, defined the term dementia praecoxto describe SCH. claimed that mental disorders were brain disorders. assisted in developing a classification systemfor understanding and categorizing many mental disorders.

35. Franz Alexander (1891–1964) • Studiedthe association between psychological factorsand both physical and mental illnesses. • As a specific stressoroccurred, a genetically predetermined organsystem responds. By repressingconflict, psychicenergy could be channeled into the sympatheticnervoussystem, thus producing disease. While one personmight repress conflict and develop an ulcer,another person might develop colitis, headache, or asthma.

36. Eugen Bleuler (1857–1930) • named firstly SCH.

37. The Birth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) developed the first lab of psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879, psychology was born. He was interested in individual and group differences in sensation and perception in various lab experiments.

38. William James (1842 - 1910) • established a psychology lab at Harvard University at about the same time with Wundt. • published Principles of Psychology, the first classic psychology text.

39. Stanley Hall established the second American psychology lab at John Hopkins University in 1883, while James McKeen Cattell established the third American lab in 1888. • Hall established the first independent psychology departmentat Clark University in 1887. • In 1892, the American Psychological Association(APA) was founded. Stanley Hall was elected its first president.

40. Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) Although not a psychologist, a relative of Charles Darwin, Galton was interested in statistical analysis of differences among people in reaction time, sensory experiences, and motor behavior. First testing attempts

41. In the USA, James McKeen Cattell (1860–1944) also studied reaction time and other differences in human behavior. Pychology was founded, but psychologists were interested in empirically measuring various aspects of human behavior to better understand the mind. They had very little interest in applying their findings to help people with problems or disorders. The desire to apply these methods and principles to people was soon to result in the birth of clinical psychology.

42. The Founding of Clinical Psychology The clinical psychology as a speciality area was born in 1896 with the opening of the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer.

43. Lightner Witmer (1867–1956) • completed undergraduate studies at the Univ. ofPennsylvania in 1888. • earned his PhD at the Univ.of Leipzig underWundt in 1892. • returned to the Univ. of Pennsylvania as the director ofpsychology lab.

44. He was asked by a teacher to helpher studentwho was not performingwell in school. After assessing the child’s problem,Witmerdeveloped a specific treatment program. • He proposed that a psychological clinic could be assigned to diagnosis and evaluation, individual treatment, research, and the training of students. His colleagues disliked his idea, because, during this time, «psychology was considered a science, it shouldn’tbe applied to actual clinical problems.»

45. His contributions to the present day • Many of his principles are still usedtoday. • a multidisciplinaryteam approach . • He was interested in preventing problemsbefore they emerged.

46. The Influence of Binet’s Intelligence Test • Alfred Binet (1857 -1911), a French scientist, founded the first psychology laboratory in France, in 1885. • Binetwas interestedin developing tests to investigate mentalabilities in children. In 1904, a French commissioninvited BinetandTheodore Simon, to develop a method to assistin providing mentally disabled children with appropriate educational services. • Binet and Simon developed an intelligence test.

47. The Influence of Binet’s Intelligence Test • Henry Goddard learned the Binet-Simonscale while in Europe during 1908. He brought it backto the USAfor translation and use. • In 1916, Stanford University psychologist Lewis Termanrevised the scale and renamed it theStanford-Binet. • Measuring the intellectual abilities of children becamea major activity.

48. The Influence of Freudin America Freud (1856-1939) proposed that unconscious conflicts and emotional influences could cause mental and physical illness. Freud’s 1900 publication of The Interpretation of Dreams resulted in acceptance of the psychoanalytic perspective.

49. The Influence of Freud in America • In 1909, Clark University was celebratingits 20thanniversary and Stanley Hall invited a large number ofpsychologists, psychiatrists, and academicsfor a series of lectures. • In addition toFreud, Carl Jung, Otto Rank, SandorFerenczi, James McKeenCattell, E. B. Titchener,and William James were invited.This conference increasedthe acceptance of Freud’s psychoanalytictheories in the USA.