Electricity Principles of Electricity as it is related to hair

1. ElectricityPrinciples of Electricity as it is related to hair

2. Electricity • Form of energy – produces light, heat, magnetic and chemical changes.

3. Current • Flow of electrons along a path called a conductor.

4. Load • Electrically powered appliances • Ex. Blowdryer or curling iron

5. Conductors • Material that best transports electricity to a load. • Silver and copper are best (contain ions) • Water and human body are conductors

6. Insulators • Material that does not allow current to pass through it. • Protects user from current. • Silk, wood, plastic, rubber, glass, paper, brick, cloth, alcohol, oil and pure distilled water. • Old cords, rubber insulators with fabric coating. • Became easily frayed, caused shorts

7. Cord Safety • Cord – copper wire insulated with rubber • Keep cords free of kinks to prevent breaks which might cause electrical shock.

8. Measures of Electricity

9. Amp • Measures the strength • Power box to the house supplies amps. • Amp rating show how much strength.

10. Volt • Measures pressure • Measures how hard electrons are pushed by source. • 110 to 220V • 220 has V prongs on plug • Large motors need 220

11. Ohm • Measures Resistance • Measures how difficult it is to push electrons through a conductor. • OHM’s rating = resistance of motion of electrons.

12. Watt • Measures Amount Used • 1 watt is small amount of energy • Blowdryer = 1000 watts per second • 1000 watts = 1 kilowatt

13. Hertz • Measures Frequency • Hertz = Hz • Nameplate gives listing of Hz

14. Electric Current • Exists in two forms: • DC – Direct Current – electrons move at an even rate; flow is in one direction. • AC – Alternating Current – electrons flow first in one direction and then in the other.

15. Sources of Electricity • Converter changes DC to AC • Rectifier changes AC to DC Converter Rectifier

16. Generator Diesel Generator • Produce alternating current • Uses mechanical energy to produce flow of electrons. Boiler/Steam Generator Wind Generator Solar Powered Generator

17. Battery • Has a positive (+) and negative (-) terminal • Produces direct current only • Electrons flow toward positive terminal

18. Producing Electric Current • Must have a SOURCE and CIRCUIT. Circuit Source

19. Circuit • Path through which electrons travel. • Closed – Electrons leave the source and operate an appliance. • Open – Broken path of electron flow. Open Closed

20. Parallel Wiring • Several loads can operate at once or at different times; • use parallel wiring in salon.

21. Parallel Wiring in the Salon

22. Series Wiring • All loads must run at the same time

23. Overload • More current flows than the line is designed to carry. • Frequent problem due to the number of stylist and electrical itemsused in salons.

24. Short Circuit • Be sure to check cords for any breaks in the wire. • Often happens when curling irons or flat irons are left on and the cord comes in contact with the hot iron causing the cord to melt.

25. Safety Measures

26. Fuse • Connects directly to the circuits in the power box • Contains fine metal wirethat allows current to flow through it. • Overload = melted wire • Fuse can not be reused

27. Circuit Breaker • Connects directly to the circuits in the power box. • Reusable device that breaks flow of current when over load occurs. • 2 pieces of metal make contact-separate if circuit is broken.

28. Grounding Wire(3 – wire system) • Protects user with certain appliances • Prevents excess flow of current from going to user • 3 – prongs, round one connects to grounded wall socket • It is not safe to plug a 3-prong cord into a 2-prong socket.

29. First Aid for Shock • Step 1 – Knock person out of the circuit by using an insulator; broom or plastic pail. • Step 2 – Unplug the appliance use an insulator to avoid circuit. • Step 3 – Rush to the power box and turn off all circuit breakers.

30. Local Shock Procedure • Local Shock - Passes through small part of the body. • Immerse in cold water immediately • If severe –take to hospital • Keep immersed until cold and stopped swelling • Blot dry and apply antiseptic cream

31. General Shock Procedure • General Shock - Passes through the nervous system. • First – Break the circuit before touching the person; dial 9-1-1. • Start CPR; continue with CPR until emergency team arrives.

32. Electrical Fires Emergency Procedures • Remember: NO WATER! • Turn off the circuit • Smother the fire with rug, towel or powder.

33. Electricity By Use In the Salon • Thermal/Heat Examples: • Generates heat • Curling Irons • Combination Examples: • Generates heat and produces flow of air • Blow Dryers • Mechanical Examples: • Has a motor • Clippers

34. Electricity Talking Points

35. Electricity in Cosmetology

36. Before Electricity

37. Effects of Electric Current • Heating • More resistance = more heat • Heating elements heat up when current flows through. • Mechanical or Magnetic • Push – pull effect causes motor to turn • Electrochemical • Electric current travels through a water – based solution to produce relaxing or stimulating effects.

38. Electrotherapy • Application of special currents (modalities) that have certain effects on the skin.

39. Electrode • Safe contact point through which current can pass to client. • Usually made from carbon, glass or metal. • Requires two electrodes. • One negative and one positive.

40. Polarity • Indicates the negative or positive pole of an electric current. • Positive electrode – anode – usually red and marked with a “P” or “+” sign. • Negative electrode – cathode – usually black and marked with “N” or “-” sign.

41. Galvanic Current • Oldest form of electrotherapy • Appliance (rectifier that is built into the machine) necessary to convert AC toDC • Direct current – low volt and high amp • Chemical effects caused by passing current through acid or alkaline solutions and/or by passing current through body tissues and fluids.

42. Effects of Galvanic Current Negative Pole (Cathode)Produces alkaline reactions Opens the pores Stimulates and irritates the nerves Increases blood supply Expands blood vessels Softens tissues Positive Pole (Anode) Produces acidic reactions Closes the pores Soothes nerves Decreases blood supply Contracts blood vessels Hardens and firms tissues

43. How to Use Galvanic Current

44. Phoresis (Bleaching) • Process of forcing an acid or alkali into the skin by applying current to the chemical. • Chemical penetrates the skin without breaking the skin. • Most typical application of Galvanic Current

45. AnaphoresisNegative Pole • Process of forcing liquids into tissues from the negative toward the positive pole. • Desincrustation – used tosoften and emulsify grease deposits (oil) and blackheads in the hair follicles. • Used to treat acne, milia, and comedones.

46. CataphoresisPositive Pole • Forces acidic substances into deeper tissues using galvanic current from the positive toward the negative pole.

47. Caution!! Do not use negative galvanic current on skin with broken capillaries or pustular acne conditions, or on a client with high blood pressure or metal implants!!

48. How to Use Phoresis

49. Faradic • Alternating current; produces mechanical effect; stimulates nerve and muscle tissue. • Improved blood circulation, muscle tone, stimulation of hair growth, increased glandular activity. • Today it is primarily used to improve muscle tone.

50. Sinusoidal • Alternating current • Mechanical effect • Penetrates deeper than faradic • Greater Stimulation – causes muscle contractions • Should never be used on unhealthy or broken skin.