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HYPERTENSION

HYPERTENSION. Presented BY :. Objectives. Identify differential diagnosis of a case presented with the symptoms of lower limb oedema . Differentiate between different etiologies of hypertension. Discuss briefly between stages of hypertension.

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HYPERTENSION

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  1. HYPERTENSION Presented BY :

  2. Objectives • Identify differential diagnosis of a case presented with the symptoms of lower limb oedema. • Differentiate between different etiologies of hypertension. • Discuss briefly between stages of hypertension. • Enumerate and discuss the importance signs& symptoms in patients with hypertension. • Investigate appropriately apatient with hypertension. • Advice initial management plan for a patient with hypertension according to recent guidelines (NICE 127). • Discuss non-drug management of hypertension. • Identify long term complications of hypertension.

  3. CASE SCENARIO A 50-year-old woman presents to your clinic for routine follow-up. She has a history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension for ~ 20 years. She mentions that she has noted fatigue and increased swelling in her lower extremities during the past several weeks. Medications: - Lisinopril 10 mg p.o. q.i.d. - NPH insulin 20 units s.c. Q. a.m. and 10 units s.c. q. p.m. - Regular insulin 5 units s.c. Q. a.m..

  4. CASE SCENARIO On exam she appears to be in no apparent distress. Her height is153 cm and weight is 100kg. Blood pressure is 165/98 mmHg, pulse 85/minute and respirations 20/minute. Fundoscopic exam reveals diabetic retinopathy. There were no visible hemorrhages or papilledema. Cardiac exam was remarkable for an S1, S2 and S4. Lungs were clear to auscultation and percussion. Abdomen was obese, non-tender and without masses or bruits. Lower extremities had good pulses with 3+ pitting edema. Neurological exam is remarkable for decreased sensation in a stocking-glove distribution, otherwise intact.

  5. Why Do We Care?

  6. Significant morbidity and mortality - CAD including MI and CHF - Stroke - Chronic kidney disease Why Do We Care? Heart disease is still leading cause of death

  7. Why Do We Care? comprehensive investiga­tions for blood pressure assessment in 35 areas of Saudi Arabia. Applying the criteria of W.H.O. of blood pressure > 160/95 mmHg as hypertension measured systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 14,660 adult Saudis (6,162 males and 8,498 females) they found prevalence Among the adults (> 18 years), 5.3% had systolic hypertension, while 7.9% had diastolic hypertension. The majority (>75%) of those with hypertension were 40 years of age or older. In the age group 40-75 years, they found that a higher prevalence of : - systolic hypertension : Females > Males (15.7%) - diastolic hypertension: Males > Females (8.2%)

  8. Out of 65% of people over age 60 diagnosed with hypertension : Only 1 in 4 of these individuals are taking adequate medication Framingham data suggests that individuals who are normotensive at age 55 have a 90% lifetime risk of developing HTN • HTN is VERY prevalent

  9. differential diagnosis of limb edema? Common Causes of Leg Edem Unilateral Bilateral

  10. differential diagnosis of limb edema? Less Common Causes of Leg Edem Unilateral Bilateral

  11. What is Hypertension? A term used to describe high blood pressure. Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body. The risk of morbidity and mortality increases progressively with increasing systolic and diastolic blood pressure..

  12. Risk factors Non- modifiable factors Race Advanced age Fetal factor & family history Gender-related risk patterns Black people. especially those 60 years and older Men and postmenopausal women Babies born with low birth weight get high BP Family history of hypertension and CVS diseases

  13. Risk factors Modifiable factors Stress Smoking Obesity Increase alcohol consumption Increase salt intake increase sympathetic activity lepton hormone derived from adipose tissue, causes increase sympathetic activity via hypothalamus systolic BP is affected more. causes increase blood volume, increase cardiac output, increase peripheral resistance

  14. HNTclasifications

  15. HNTclasifications hypertensive crisis : (BP >180/120 mm Hg) may be categorized as either -hypertensive emergency (extreme BP elevation with acute or progressing target organ damage) -hypertensive urgency (severe BP elevation without acute or progressing target organ injury). - Malignant hypertensionwhen diastolic BP more than 130mmHg. Unless treated, it may lead to death due to renal failure, heart failure or stroke. -

  16. - BP must be measured correctly - Feet on floor - Both arms if elevated - Cuff bladder must circle at least 80% of the arm - Arm supported at level of heart - Back supported -Measure blood pressure in both arms To Make The Diagnosis

  17. To Make The Diagnosis In clinic: -IF blood pressure ( 140/90 mmHg ) or higher confirm by . ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) > least 2 measurements/ hr during person’s waking hours > average value of at least 14 measurements taken to confirm HTN :At home Use home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension > blood pressure is recorded twice daily ( morning/evening ) > blood pressure recording continues for at least 4 days, ideally for 7 days Discard the measurements taken on the first day and use the average value of all the remaining measurements to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension.

  18. ABPM HBPM

  19. To Make The Diagnosis Postural hypotension ● In people with symptoms of postural hypotension (falls or postural dizziness): − measure blood pressure with the person either supine or seated − measure blood pressure again with the person standing for at least 1 minute prior to measurement. ● If the systolic blood pressure falls by 20 mmHg or more when the person is standing: − review medication − measure subsequent blood pressures with the person standing − consider referral to specialist care if symptoms of postural hypotension persist.

  20. Causes of Hypertension 1) Primary (essential) Hypertension: Has no known cause (idiopathic) Multi-factorial etiology : 1.Genetic Factors - Positive Family History 2. Environmental Factors -Obesity -Increased Sodium Intake -Stress - Increased Alcohol Intake -95% of hypertensive patient fall into this category.

  21. Causes of Hypertension 2) Secondary Hypertension: Due to an underlying medical condition Chronic alcohol abuse Endocrine Medications Renal Cardiovascular

  22. Causes of Hypertension 2) Secondary Hypertension: Renal: - Polycystic disease - Renal artery stenosis - Renin-producing tumors - Chronic renal disease - Renal vasculitis

  23. Causes of Hypertension 2) Secondary Hypertension: Endocrine: -Adrenocorticalhyperfunction (Cushing syndrome, primary aldosteronism,congenital adrenal hyperplasia) -Exogenous hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogen) -Pheochromocytoma -Hypothyroidism -Hyperthyroidism -Pregnancy-induced

  24. Causes of Hypertension 2) Secondary Hypertension: Cardiovascular: -Coarctationof aorta -Vasculitis - Increased intravascular volume

  25. Causes of Hypertension 2) Secondary Hypertension: Medications: - Steroids - Oral contraceptives - Amphetamines and cocaine -Nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory - Psychiatric: carbamazepine, lithium and tricyclic antidepressants

  26. Signs & Symptoms 1) Severe headache 2) Fatigue or confusion 3) Vision problems 4) Chest pain 5) Difficulty breathing 6) Irregular heartbeat 7) Hematuria 8) Lower limb edema

  27. Signs & Symptoms Note : Patients with pheochromocytoma may have a history of paroxysmal headaches, sweating, tachycardia, palpitations, and orthostatic hypotension.

  28. HTN Investigations

  29. HTN Investigations Optional laboratory tests: Aortic Coarctation - Arm to leg systolic Blood Pressure difference (abnormal if >20 mmHg) - Chest X-Ray (notching of the lower rib borders) - Echocardiogram (Children) - MRI Chest (Adults) Cushing's Disease -24 hour Urine Cortisol - Late night Salivary cortisol - Low dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test Pheochromocytoma -24h Urine Metanephrine - Plasma free metanephrines

  30. HTN Investigations X-rays : -May show cardiomegaly X-RAY CHEST IN HEART FAILURE

  31. HTN Investigations Specialist investigations ● Refer people to specialist care the same day if they have: − accelerated hypertension (BP > 180/110 mmHg ) with signs of papilloedema and/or retinal haemorrhage) − suspected phaeochromocytoma (labile or postural hypotension, headache, palpitations, pallor and diaphoresis). ● If nedded more investigations for secondary cause of hypertension.

  32. HTN Treatment

  33. 1st Life Style Modifications 1) Weight reduction (BMI, 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) 2) Adoption of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan : - Low content of saturated fat, cholesterol, and total fat - Focuses on fruits, vegetables, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products - Rich in whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, and nuts - Contains fewer sweets, added sugars and sugary beverages, and red meats - Dietary sodium restriction ideally to 1.5 g/day •

  34. 1st Life Style Modifications 4) Regular aerobic physical activity. 5) Moderate alcohol consumption (2 or fewer drinks/day). 6) Smoking cessation 7) Do not offer calcium, magnesium or potassium supplements as a method of reducing blood pressure

  35. How Much Will This Help?

  36. 2nd Pharmacological Treatment HNT Drugs ACE inhibitors β-blockers (BB). thiazide diuretics calcium antagonists (CA) angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARB) *Will lower BP and reduce the complications of HTN

  37. 2nd Pharmacological Treatment I) Thiazide diuretics: • ● Where to start? • - Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg • - Chlorthalidone 12.5 mg • ● How much ? • - Up to 25 mg, unclear benefit beyond that • ● Cost? Cheap! • ● Side effects -- hypokalemia, glucose intolerance

  38. ● Where to start? - Lisinopril10 mg QD - Benazapril10 mg QD - Enalapril5 mg QD ● How much? - Up to 80 mg (only 40 mg for enalapril) ● Cost -- cheap! ● Side effects -- cough • 2nd Pharmacological Treatment 2) ACE Inhibitors

  39. ● Where to start? - Amlodipine5 mg QD - DiltiazemER 120 mg QD - NifedipineER 30 mg QD ● How much ? - Amlodipine10 mg QD - DiltiazemER 540 mg QD - NifedipineER 120 mg QD ● Cost ? - Amlodipineis generic - Diltiazem=cheap! - Nifedipine-less cheap ● Side effects ? - edema - constipation • 2nd Pharmacological Treatment 3) CCBs

  40. ● Where to start? - Not with beta blockers ● Why not? - Possible increase in stroke risk, particularly in elderly patients - first-line alternatives in patients who are 60 years and older, especially for stroke prevention. • 2nd Pharmacological Treatment 3) Beta Blockers

  41. ● Where to start? - Metoprolol25 mg BID - Atenolol25 mg QD ● How much ? - Up to 100 mg ● Cost -- cheap! ● Side effects -- bradycardia, fatigue, depression • 2nd Pharmacological Treatment 3) Beta Blockers

  42. ● ARBs (losartan is generic but still pricey) ● Alpha blockers ● Aldosteroneantagonists • 2nd Pharmacological Treatment Even More Meds ACE inhibitors and ARBs not as effective in African-Americans

  43. indications and contraindicationsof medications

  44. Too many choices, just tell me what to do!

  45. indications and contraindicationsof medications

  46. Follow Up Labs: Potassium and Creatinine, maybe sodium ● at initiation of treatment ● 2-4 weeks after starting ● Again after every dose adjustment ● Annually

  47. long term complications & End organ Damage with HTN

  48. Complications of Hypertension

  49. Complications of Hypertension 1)Atherosclerosis: formation of fibro fatty lesions in the intimal lining of the large and medium sized arteries such as aorta and its branches, coronary arteries and cerebral arteries 2)Stroke or Heart Attack: If an atherosclerotic plaque breaks off inside the artery, or the blood vessel ruptures, a blood clot can form within the artery. If this blocks blood flow to the brain it can lead to a stroke. If it blocks blood flow to the heart it can result in a heart attack.

  50. Complications of Hypertension 3)Aneurysm: This is when the blood vessels have been weakened to such an extent that part of the blood vessel wall ‘balloons’ or bulges. The most common locations for an aneurysm include the main artery that carries blood from the heart, arteries in the brain, legs, intestines, and the arteries leading to the spleen 4)Vascular dementia: High blood pressure can cause the blood vessels that supply your brain with blood to narrow or become damaged. If the brain is not supplied with enough oxygen due to stroke, cells in the brain may be damaged causing adverse effects on a person’s memory, thinking, or language skills. This condition is called vascular dementia

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