CHAPTER FIVE (Plus Appendix A) INFRASTRUCTURES: SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES

1. CHAPTER FIVE (Plus Appendix A) INFRASTRUCTURES: SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES (5-17~5-22 moved to Security chapter)

2. THE BUSINESS BENEFITS OF A SOLID MIS INFRASTRUCTURE • MIS infrastructure – Includes the plans for how a firm will build, deploy, use, and share its data, processes, and MIS assets • Hardware • Software • Network • Client • Server

3. HARDWARE BASICS (Appendix A) • Computer-operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept, manipulate, and store data • Hardware components include: • Central processing unit (CPU) • Primary storage • Secondary storage • Input device • Output device • Communication device (Will learn more in Appendix B)

4. HARDWARE BASICS (Appendix A)

5. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (Appendix A) • Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor) - The actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software) instructions and coordinates all the other hardware devices • Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) -Performs all arithmetic operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers) • Control unit -Interprets software instructions and literally tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software instructions

6. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(Appendix A) • The number of CPU cycles per second determines the speed of a CPU • Megahertz (MHz) - The number of millions of CPU cycles per second • Gigahertz (GHz) - The number of billions of CPU cycles per second

7. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (Appendix A) • CPU speed factors • Clock speed • Word length • Bus width • Chip line width • Binary digit (bit) -The smallest unit of information that a computer can process • Byte - A group of eight bits representing one natural language character

8. Bits and Bytes (Zhang) • 1 bit has only 2 states, that can be used to represent 0 and 1 • 2 bits have 22 = 4 states: 00, 01, 10, 11, that can be used to represent 0, 1, 2, 3 • 3 bits have 23 =__ states: __________, that can be used to represent ____________________

9. Bits and Bytes (cont) • Converting binary to decimal: Binary 1 0 1 1 = • 1x23+ • 0x22+ • 1x21+ • 1x20 = • Converting decimal to binary: • Decimal 23 = 1x16 + 0x8 + 1x4 + 1x2 + 1x1 = Binary ________________ • Binary numbers in use: numeric web address - IP Watch colors See IT Handout 1 for details

10. PRIMARY STORAGE (Appendix A) • Primary storage - The computer’s main memory, which consists of the • random access memory (RAM), • cache memory, and • read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU • Faster • Smaller • Volatile   Secondary storage • More expensive

11. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) (Appendix A) • Random access memory (RAM) - primary working memory, in which • program instructions and data are stored • so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU • Cache memory: frequently used contents • Read-only memory (ROM) -The primary storage that does not lose its contents when powered off Program/data must be in RAM or cache to be used – must be “read into” RAM

12. SECONDARY STORAGE (Appendix A) • Secondary storage - Consists of equipment designed to store large volumes of data for long-term storage • Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) - Roughly 1 million bytes • Gigabyte (GB) -Roughly 1 billion bytes • Terabyte (TB) - Roughly 1 trillion bytes • Zhang note: Byte in storage, bit in transmission

13. SOFTWARE BASICS (Appendix A) • System software -Controls how the various technology tools work together along with the application software (“app s/w” below) • Operating system software • Controls hardware (h/w); interfaces h/w and app s/w • Schedule, Allocate, Monitor, Communicate • Utility software • Application software

14. UTILITY SOFTWARE (Appendix A) • Types of utility software • Crash-proof • Disk image • Disk optimization • Encrypt data • File and data recovery • Text protect • Preventative security • Spyware • Uninstaller

15. APPLICATION SOFTWARE (Appendix A) • Types of application software • Browser • Communication • Data management • Desktop publishing • Email • Groupware • Presentation graphics • Programming • Spreadsheet • Word processing

16. Groupware • Wikipedia: Groupware • Collaborative software or groupware is application software designed to help people involved in a common task achieve goals. • Groupware can be divided into 3 categories depending on the level of collaboration:Communication, conferencing, coordination • About.com: What Is Groupware? • http://mobileoffice.about.com/od/glossary/g/what-is-groupware.htm

17. SUPPORTING OPERATIONS: INFORMATION MIS INFRASTRUCTURE

18. BACKUP AND RECOVERY PLAN • Backup – An exact copy of a system’s information • Recovery – The ability to get a system up and running in the event of a system crash or failure • Fault tolerance • Failover • Failback

19. BACKUP AND RECOVERY PLAN • Disaster recovery plan -A detailed process for recovering information or an IT system in the event of a catastrophic disaster such as a fire or flood • Disaster recovery cost curve - Charts (1) the cost to the organization of the unavailability of information and technology and (2) the cost to the organization of recovering from a disaster over time

20. BACKUP AND RECOVERY PLAN • Faster recovery cuts down cost from unavailability • Faster recovery need resources/costs

21. BACKUP AND RECOVERY PLAN • Hot site - A separate and fully equipped facility where the company can move immediately after a disaster and resume business • Cold site - A separate facility that does not have any computer equipment, but is a place where employees can move after a disaster • Warm site – A separate facility with computer equipment that requires installation and configuration

22. BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN • Business continuity planning (BCP) - A plan for how an organization will recover and restore partially or completely interrupted critical function(s) within a predetermined time after a disaster or extended disruption • Emergency notification services

23. SUPPORTING CHANGE: AGILE MIS INFRASTRUCTURE

24. MIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT • Moore’s Law - Refers to the computer chip performance per dollar doubles every 18 months • Sustainable, or “green,” MIS - Describes the production, management, use, and disposal of technology in a way that minimizes damage to the environment • Corporate social responsibility - Companies’ acknowledged responsibility to society

25. MIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT Three Primary Side Effects Of Businesses’ Expanded Use Of Technology

26. SUPPORTING THE ENVIRONMENT: SUSTAINABLE MIS INFRASTRUCTURE • The components of a sustainable MIS infrastructure include • Grid computing • Cloud computing • Virtualized computing • More than sustainability    Slides 29,30

27. GRID COMPUTING • Grid computing - A collection of computers, often geographically dispersed, that are coordinated to solve a common problem

28. CLOUD COMPUTING • Cloud computing - Refers to the use of resources and applications hosted remotely on the Internet

29. CLOUD COMPUTING – pros/cons

30. More than the sustainable perspective: cloud computing • Efficiency & Cost reduction • Agility • Security (+ / -) Cloud Computing – Is it Really All That Beneficial? (link)

31. VIRTUALIZED COMPUTING • Virtualization - Creates multiple “virtual” machines on a single computing device

32. VIRTUALIZED COMPUTING • Data center – A facility used to house management information systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems • Sustainable data centers • Reduces carbon emissions • Reduces required floor Space • Chooses Geographic location