Chapter 8 The Presidency

Chapter 8The Presidency  To Accompany Comprehensive, Alternate, and Texas Editions American Government: Roots and Reform, 10th edition Karen O’Connor and Larry J. Sabato  Pearson Education, 2009

How does this cartoon illustrate Nixon’s comment that “Those on the right can do what only those on the left can only talk about”?

Roots of the Presidency • No chief executive under Articles of Confederation. • Natural-born citizen, 35 years old. • Minimum of 14 Years of Residency • Two four-year terms, per Twenty-Second Amendment. • Little attention to vice president. • Can be impeached by Congress. • Order of succession in Twenty-Fifth Amendment.

Constitutional Powers • More limited than Article I powers of Congress. • Appointments to executive, Cabinet, and judiciary. • Convene Congress. • Make treaties or executive agreements. • Veto legislation; no line-item veto. • Act as commander in chief of armed forces. • Pardon individuals accused of crimes.

Executive Orders and Signing Statements • 1978 Presidential Records Act to ‘need to know basis’ • Reagan, Bush, Clinton and Obama • E.O. on stem cell research and freedom of conscience provision in Hyde Amendment, and federal funding of Planned Parenthood • Youngstown Sheet and Tube V. Sawyer • Truman seized mills, mines and factories • Crucial to continue war efforts in Korean War

Executive Privilege Executive Privilege invoked first by President Washington during Congressional Investigations • protect internal discussions and deliberations among the President and his advisors • The Battle of Wabash defeat • Jay Treaty • First established as a legal right by the Court in • U.S. v. Nixon (1974) Watergate Investigation - Court rules E.P. cannot be exercised • Must comply with court order for evidence in a crime • Clinton has invoked E.P. a record 14 times

Roles of the President • Chief law enforcer. • Leader of the party. • Commander in chief. • Shaper of domestic policy. • Player in legislative process. • Chief of state.

Establishing Presidential Power • George Washington sets precedent. • Claimed inherent powers for national government. • John Adams and Thomas Jefferson follow lead. • Andrew Jackson asserts power through veto. • Abraham Lincoln uses Civil War to expand office. • Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal ushers in new era.

President as Policy Maker • FDR is first president to send policy to Congress. • Very difficult to get presidential policies passed. • Ability to get desired budget passed helps. • Office of Management and Budget plays key role. • Use of executive order to avoid Congress.

George Washington • Chief Executive • Whiskey Rebellion (taxes) • Est.Federal Supremacy • Cabinet System • Chief Diplomat • Foreign Relations • England v France War • Established idea of strict neutrality • Inherent powers

Thomas JeffersonInformal Exercise of Power • Chief Executive • Louisiana Purchase • Inherent power to acquire territory • Over objections of Congress • Congress has duty of admitting new states to the Union

Theodore RooseveltInformal Exercise of Power • Stated the President has the right and duty to “do anything that the needs of the Nation demanded, unless such was forbidden by the Constitution or by the laws.”

Andrew Jackson • Chief Legislator • 12 vetoes • Appointed members of Congress to cabinet positions as reward • Communicator • Common man’s man • Jacksonian Democracy • Embodiment of the Western, Frontier, Egalitarian spirit • Property requirements for voting removed by most states • People feel more connected to national govt

Abraham LincolnImmediate Needs of the Nation • Chief Executive and Commander in Chief • Wartime president • Did what was necessary to preserve the union • Ignored Congress • Suspended habeas corpus • Expanded army passed Congressional limits • Blockade of southern ports (act of war) • Closed U.S. Mail to treasonable correspondence

Franklin Delano RooseveltImmediate Needs of the Nation • Legislator/Economic Planner • Expanded role of government due to Great Depression • New Deal legislation • Social and economic programs to create jobs • Established Executive Office of the President • Set up Federal Agencies to regulate industry • 600,000 employees 1933 to 3 million in 1945

Lyndon Johnson (LBJ) • Commander in Chief • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Congress grants power to escalate Viet Nam War • Legislator • Civil Rights Legislation • Great Society

Ronald ReaganUse of the Media • Television, radio, newspapers, White House Website • Medial provides a forum for presidential messages • “The Great Communicator”

Jimmy Carter • Judicial Power • Amnesty to draft dodgers from Viet Nam War • Chief Diplomat • Panama Canal • Returned to Panama

George W. Bush • Commander-in-Chief • Iraq Resolution • Axis of Evil (Korea, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran) • Chief Executive • Department of Homeland Security • Legislator • Patriot Act

Presidential Establishment • Growing power of the vice president. • Cabinet advisors to deal with a variety of issues. • First ladies act as informal advisors. • Executive Office of the President. • White House staff directly responsible to president.

Vice President • Carries more responsibility than in the past • Dick Cheney considered most powerful V.P. • Experience in foreign affairs and government • Had clearer agenda in foreign affairs than Bush Jr. • Walter Mondale (Jimmy Carter’s V.P.) was first to have more than just ceremonial duties • Chosen as running mate for political reasons • Balances out the ticket politically or geographically • John McCain chooses Palin to appeal to social conservatives and women • Obama choses Biden to make up for his inexperience in foreign policy • John Kerry choses John Edwards from the South

The Cabinet • No basis in the Constitution (informal) • Sec’y. assist president in the execution of laws and in decision making (advisory) • Role is based on custom and tradition • Departments grew out of pressure by interest groups and their demand for services (Commerce and Labor) • Increases access to the president • Chapter 9 deals with the specific role each cabinet plays in executing the laws.

First Ladies • Informal advisors to the president • Behind the scenes role, but often very influential • Edith B.G. Wilson, Abigail Adams and Nancy Reagan and Rosalynn Carter • Closest Advisors • Some take a more public role – more visible • Eleanor Roosevelt – columnist, lecturer, delegate to the U.N. • Hillary Clinton – crafted healthcare legislation • Michele Obama – active in pushing for healthcare legislation and proper nutrition • Laura Bush – spoke out in behalf of women in the Middle East

Executive Office of the President • Established by FDR • Mini-bureaucracy that advances president’s policy preferences • National Security Council (NSC), Council of Economic Advisors (CEA), Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Office of V.P. • NSC – Pres., V.P., Secys of State and Defense, head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and director of the CIA • NSA(National Security Advisor) manages the NSC staff and attends all meetings

White House Staff • Not subject to Senate confirmation • Whitehouse Counsel, Lobbyist to Congress, Policy Strategists, Communications Staff • Chief of Staff • 2nd most powerful person in Washington • Gatekeeper function • Manages the president’s schedule • Usually a past politician • Protect president from mistakes (Donald Regan - Iran Contra Affair)

President as Policymaker • Policymaker • FDR as legislator and Contract with America • Divided government makes legislative duties nearly impossible • Patronage • Executive Orders • Truman – Ended segregation of military • LBJ – affirmative action – executive order 11246 • Reagan, Clinton, G.W. Bush, Obama • Stem Cell Research • Abortion Counseling • Freedom of Conscience

Presidential Leadership • Leadership ability and personality can be key. • “Power to persuade.” • Bully pulpit and going public. • Approval ratings can help or hinder.

Presidential Leadership • State of the Union Address to draw public attention • Leadership Style – two types • Shape national destiny (Lincoln and FDR) • “Stage” or “fitting honor” to cap one’s career • Richard Neustadt • “the power to persuade” • Important to start rating the president immediately • The Great Initiator – clerkship and decisionmaker

Presidential Leadership Style • Separates the mediocre from the great • Use of the Media to stay connected to the people and gain support – not press conferences • FDR fireside chats • Clinton – Larry King Live on CNN • Bush gave important speeches to military • Obama on David Letterman • State of the Union Address • Bully Pulpit • Power to Persuade • Crucial according to Richard Neustadt

Public Perception • High approval ratings – usually at the beginning of term (honeymoon period) • President carries more clout in the beginning • Bush after 9/11 and the U.S. Patriot Act • Obama and Healthcare Legislation, LBJ and Great Society • Help win congressional and gubernatorial contests • Can even push policies unpopular with the public • Clinton able to survive scandals after 1996 DNC • Low approval ratings • Members of Congress distance themselves • Make favored policies difficult to implement • 2008 election – referendum on Bush and Iraq War • Obama did little campaigning in 2010 election

Presidential Personality • James David Barber, The Presidential Character • Character, Style, and World View are main determinants of whether a president will: • Adapt positively to challengers -or - • Retreat negatively to challenges • Predict by looking into president’s past • Childhood – Character grows out of relating to peers, siblings and parents • Adolescence – World View - observing others • Early Adulthood – Style developed from first successes • How something is done is profoundly important • Grasps that style and hangs on to it

Character • Self esteem is prime resource • Derived from either sense of achievement or • Affection from others • Style • Habitual way of performing • Rhetoric, Relationships, Homework • World View effects what president pays attention to: • Social Causality • Human Nature • Central Moral Conflicts

Active Passive Presidential Character Positive Negative

Power of the Situation • Level of public support • Party balance in Congress • Supreme Court • Expectations and Needs • Climate of Expectations – recurring themes • Reassurance to ease anxiety • Progress and action • Sense of legitimacy • Master politician that appears to be above politics • Proof of fitfulness – presidential • Religiosity – defender of faith

AV- Presidential Approval  Back

Table 8.1- U.S. Presidents  Back

Table 8.2- Presidential Succession  Back

25th Amendment • Followed 1947 Presidential Succession Act – See Table 8.2 • Assured continuation of Act • New V.P. appointed by President w/Senate Approval • Incapacitation of President • V.P. appointed as President • President Bush makes Dick Cheney President Temporarily in 2002 • Underwent colonoscopy

Table 8.3- Women on Presidential Teams  Back

Table 8.4- Treaties  Back

Table 8.5- Presidential Vetoes  Back

Table 8.6- Best and Worst Presidents  Back

Table 8.7- U.S. Cabinet  Back

Table 8.8- Presidential Personalities  Back

Chapter 8 The Presidency