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SOURCES OF RADIATION

SOURCES OF RADIATION. TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC. Terminal Objective.

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SOURCES OF RADIATION

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  1. SOURCES OF RADIATION TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC

  2. Terminal Objective Upon completion of this course, the participants will demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of the information presented during RADCON Technician training by obtaining a score of greater than or equal to 80% on a written examination. The information presented in this lesson plan may be part of an overall exam or be the only information for which the student is examined.

  3. Enabling Objectives Standards and conditions apply to all enabling objectives. They include: under the examination ground rules, without the use of training materials or outside assistance, and utilizing information presented in this lesson plan. Upon completion of this each participant will be able to: • Identify the types of ionizing radiation providing exposure to the general public – natural background sources and man-made radiation sources. • Define natural background sources and each of its types. • Provide an explanation of cosmic radiation sources.

  4. Enabling Objective cont. • Provide an explanation of terrestrial radiation sources. • Identify the source of radon and its daughter products. • Provide an explanation of internal radiation sources. • Define the types of man-made radiation sources and provide examples of each.

  5. Categories of types of Sources of Ionizing Radiation to the General Public Natural Background Radiation Sources Man-made Radiation Sources

  6. TypesofNaturalBackgroundRadiationSources CosmicRadiation TerrestrialRadiation InternalRadiation

  7. Origin of CosmicRadiation Protons - p Cosmic Rays Alpha particles - a

  8. Origin of Cosmic Radiation COSMIC RAY SHOWER Interaction of “Primary” cosmic ray with atmospheric nuclei. Results in dissipation of “Primary” cosmic ray and nuclei. Creates “Secondary” cosmic rays. Interactions of “Secondary” cosmic rays creates… COSMIC RAY SHOWER. “Secondary” cosmic rays are the source of Cosmic Radiation exposure to the general public.

  9. Origin of Cosmic Radiation Exposure Variance with Altitude Altitude The greater your altitude, the higher your exposure

  10. Cosmic Radiation Exposure Calculated average radiation dose equivalent at ground level from Cosmic Rays 26 mrem/yr or 0.26 mSv/yr Calculated average radiation dose equivalent for Air Travel 1 mrem/yr or 0.01 mSv/yr Other sources add an additional 1 mrem/yr or 0.01 mSv/yr

  11. Terrestrial Radiation Sources Primordial Radionuclides Naturally occurring radionuclides Created when Earth was formed Long-lived half-lives Terrestrial Radiation Sources– external Inhaled Radiation Sources– internal (radon)

  12. TerrestrialRadiation Sources Primordial Radionuclides Non Series and Series

  13. TerrestrialRadiation Sources Non-Series Primordial Radionuclides These decay directly to a stable nuclide *K-40* V-50, Rb-87, Cd-113, In-115, Te-123, La-138, Ce-142, Nd-144, Sm-147, Gd-152, Hf-174, Lu-176, Re-187, Pt-190, Pt-192, Bi-209

  14. TerrestrialRadiation Sources Uranium Series U-238

  15. Terrestrial Radiation Sources Primordial Radionuclide Concentration Dose Dependency

  16. TerrestrialRadiation Sources PrimordialRadionuclideConcentration High Background Areas Nile Delta Egypt – 350 mrem/year Paris, France – 350 mrem/year Kerala, India – 400 mrem/year McAlpe, Brazil – 2448 mrem/year *Pocos de Caldas, Brazil* *7000 mrem/year*

  17. Terrestrial Radiation Sources Total Radiation Dose Equivalent 28 mrem/year or 0.28 mSv/year

  18. Inhaled Radiation Sources -Radon

  19. Inhaled Radiation Sources -Radon Gas with progeny of particulates From ground to air Poor ventilation greater hazard Highest exposure to general public

  20. Inhaled Radiation Sources - Radon • Dose depend on • Geographical area • Type structure • Type ventilation Ramas, Iran Individual exposure to 26000 mrem/year Radiation Dose Equivalent Inhaled Radon Radiation Sources 200 mrem/year

  21. Internal Radiation Sources Radionuclides in Body Inhalation Ingestion Absorption Present at birth 238U 210Pb 14C 232Th 230Th 3H 87Rb 22Na 228Ra 226Ra 232Th 40K

  22. Internal Radiation Sources Food Possible pathway for all K40 primary with food Ra226 – brazil nuts and salmon Pb210 - muscle meats and seafood Ra228 through food Drinking water Ra226 & U238 ingested from drink Ra226 level : water intake & water levels Air Pb210 atmospheric aerosols & cigarette smoke

  23. Internal Radiation Sources Dose dietary habits sex age smoking body mass Radiation Dose Equivalent Internal Radiation Sources 40 mrem/year or 0.4 mSv/year

  24. Radiation Dose Equivalent Total Natural Background Radiation Sources 296 mrem/year or 2.96mSv/year

  25. Man-made RadiationSources Medical Procedures x-rays nuclear medicine Consumer Products Radioactive Material from Fallout Nuclear Power Production

  26. Man-made Radiation Sources X-ray • Provides most exposure • Minimum 6 mrem/x-ray • Average 200 mrem Radiography x-rays CT Mammography Average Radiation Dose Equivalent – X-rays 39 mrem/hr or 0.39 mSv

  27. Man-made Radiation Sources Nuclear medicine • Radiopharmaceuticals used • Diagnostic and therapeutic • Thallium heart stress tests • Tumor irradiation therapies • I131, Tc99m, Co60, Ir192, Cs137 Average Radiation Dose Equivalent Nuclear medicine 14 mrem/year or 0.14 mSv/year

  28. Man-made Radiation Sources Medical Radiation Sources Total Average Radiation Dose Equivalent Medical Radiation Sources X-ray & Nuclear Medicine 53 mrem/year or 0.53 mSv/year

  29. Man-made Radiation Sources Consumer Product Radiation Sources ElectronicProducts Products of Radioactive Material

  30. Man-made Radiation Sources Consumer Product Radiation Sources Electronic Products Produce x-rays Examples Televisions Video display terminals Airport luggage inspection systems Personnel scanning systems Designed to eliminate general public exposure Radiation Dose EquivalentElectronic Products <1 mrem/yr

  31. Man-made Radiation Sources Consumer Products with Radioactive Material Radioluminous products – Ra-226, H-3, Pm-147 Spark gap indicators & electron tubes- Co-60, H-3, Kr-85, Cs-137, Ni-63, Pb-210 Cardiac pacemakers – Pu-238 Smoke detectors – Ra-226 Ra226 watches – 3 mrem/yr Tritium watches – 0.6 mrem/yr Lighting rods – Ra-226, Am-241 Check sources- Co-60 Ra-226 Sr-90 Kr-85 Pacemaker – 100 mrem/yr Smoke detectors – 1 mrem/yr

  32. Man-made Radiation Sources Consumer Product Radiation Sources Products of Radioactive Material Natural Radioactive Material Products • Thoriated tungsten welding rods • Camera lenses • Opthalmic glass – 400 mrem • Combustible coal – 4 mrem • Combustible oil • Combustible natural gas – 6-9 mrem • Glass & ceramics – 2400 mrem • Highway and road construction material • Fertilizer Products • Gas mantles – 0.1-0.4 mrem • Dental Products – 60000 mrem

  33. Man-made Radiation Sources Consumer Product RadiationSources Average Radiation Dose Equivalent 11 mrem/year or 0.11 mSv/year

  34. Man-made Radiation Sources Radioactive Material from Fallout Atmospheric testing to 1960’s Underground testing after 1960’s Example Isotopes released C-14, Na-22, Sr-89, Pl-239, Ar-39, Cs-137, Sr-90, I-131 Isotopes decayed or bottom of ocean Exposure depleted over time Average Radiation Dose Equivalent <1 mrem/year or <0.01 mSv/year

  35. Man-made Radiation Sources Nuclear Power Production • Mining • Milling and Refinement • Enrichment • Fabrication of pellets, fuel rods and bundles for use in the reactor • Power generation • Storage • Transportation • Burial

  36. Man-made Radiation Sources Nuclear Power Production Power Plant Operation Exposure Direct – radiation produced in process Effluents – gas & liquid released Regulations for exposure and effluent release control Maximum Exposure - <1 mrem/year

  37. Radiation Dose Equivalent Total Man-made Radiation Sources 64 mrem/year 0.64 mSv/year

  38. Exposure from Sources of Radiation General Public Natural Background Radiation 296 mrem/yr 2.96 mSv/yr Man-Made Radiation – 64 mrem/yr 0.64 mSv/yr Medical processes – 53 mrem/yr 0.53 mSv/yr X-ray- 39 mrem/yr Nuclear medicine – 14 mrem/yr Consumer products 11 mrem/yr or 0.11 mSv/yr Fallout <1 mrem/yr or <0.01 mSv/yr Nuclear power production <1 mrem/yr or <0.01 mSv/yr Cosmic Radiation – 28 mrem/yr 0.28 mSv/yr Terrestrial Radiation 28 mrem or 0.28 mSv/yr Inhaled (radon) 200 mrem/yr or 2.0 mSv/yr Internal Radiation 40 mrem/yr or 0.4 mSv/yr Average Total 360 mrem/yr 3.6 mSv/yr

  39. Controlling General Public Dose • Non-controllable • Natural terrestrial • Cosmic radiation • Natural inside body • Medical to patient • Fallout • Regional from accidents • Controllable • Man-made exposure in workplace • Operations releasing man-made/naturally occurring • Radiation producing machines • Localized area of environmental releases • Technologically enhanced • Medical exposures to non-patients • Indoor Radon • Ways to limit exposure • Test the home for Radon and reduce levels if necessary • Evaluate medical uses and weigh the benefits versus the risk • Participate in public decisions-making

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